News Production - Audience Imagined and Its Consequences Essay

News Production - Audience Imagined and Its Consequences - Essay Example News today not only reaches the local audience but also global audience. Globalisation has made the world a small place and the effects of an incident in one part of the world are felt in other parts of the world. News production is today a global phenomenon and the process of how the news is gathered and showcased to the audience has undergone a complete transformation. The important aspect of news production is the way the audience are imagined by the journalists or the news companies. Even though, technology has made it possible to have a more interactive news production process, that hasn’t been the case. There are various reasons why the technology hasn’t been used to best effect to improve the overall news production processs. This paper discusses how the audience are imagined in news production and what its consequences are. In order to do so, first how the perception of the audience has changed over the years or stages of the journalism-audience relationship is addressed. News Productions – Imagined Audience There has been a fundamental transformation in the understanding of the audience by journalists. The professional or traditional view of audience is in complete contrast to the modern view of the audience. The advent of the web has increased the responsiveness of the audience to the news and this has now been incorporated into the DNA of news production. The traditional approach was that the desires and wants of the audience were not of much important and the journalists decided what news the audience needed to know. It was the journalists and the management at the news companies that decided what stories that need to be told to the audience. There was very less interaction and also very less the journalists and companies could do to understand their audience. But with this new level of audience responsiveness, which is made possible by the web, the journalists have better tools to understand their audience and their preferences . But the main question remains whether they have used to best effect. This has impacted the way the audience is imagined during the news production. It is claimed that the web has now lead to audience responsiveness in news production which was earlier audience ignorance. That is, the real audience perception was completely ignored in traditional approach. Now the audience responsiveness has bought in a certain reality into how the audience are imagined in news production. But this is most often limited news channels on the internet. The press and the television news channels haven’t completely utilised this. The audience have been imagined differently during different stages in the last century and this century. The professional view in the last century was that the journalists had very little understanding of their audience. As Ettema & Whitney (1994) state that there was an industrial construction of audience. Industrial construction is the way people who create material (for news companies, agencies, etc) think of the people on the receiving end of their material (Turow, 2005). This had serious consequences or implications on the news that the audience would get. Audience would get material that was not contained of the actual facts but was a perception of journalist about the facts. That is, the audience were fed with news that the journalists thought was right. This was the case most of the times. Gans (2004) in his study makes a very

Leonardo DiVinci Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leonardo DiVinci - Research Paper Example The latter was highly impressed with the boy’s talent and Leonardo thus â€Å"entered the studio† of an artist and sculptor, where he met several other craftsmen, including Botticelli and Lorenzo Di Credi (Brockwell 4). The interaction he had with many such artists had a profound impact on him and it also bred in him a sense of competition. The most unique trait about Da Vinci was that he had ventured into all areas of â€Å"human learning† and left an indelible mark there (Brokwell 4). He, thus, nurtured a yearning for attaining perfection over his peers and became one of the most renowned artists in this world. His legacy to the human civilization came from a wide range of disciplines such as science, art, philosophy, sculpture, architecture, mathematics, engineering, writing and music. Leonardo Da Vinci had a lot to offer the world and he was greatly influenced by the time he was born in, the Renaissance period. His genius was further enhanced and shaped by the art training he underwent in Florence, a city prominent for its art. His apprenticeship under A D Verrocchio lasted for seventeen years. In the year 1469, Lorenzo and Giuliano de Medici embraced their duty to rule Florence as heirs to the throne, after the death of their father. This was good news for Leonardo, as both of them were art lovers and they understood full and well the significance of art. In 1472, Leonardo â€Å"became a member of the painter’s guild† of Florence, as he was qualified to be master just like the rest of the members (Koestler-Grack 128). His earliest work is thought to be the portrait of the ‘Feast of Santa Maria delle Neve,’ which he painted in 1473. In 1476, Leonardo was charged with an â€Å"anonymous accusation of sodomy,† but later the charge was dropped as there were no valid evidences (Greenberg 308). Leonardo â€Å"witnesses† â€Å"Bernardo di Bandio† being

Management A Universal Phenomenon Commerce Essay

Management A Universal Phenomenon Commerce Essay Management is a universal phenomenon it is very famous and mostly used term every where. All organisation either they are political cultural or social involved in management. Because its only a management which directs actions into success. According to Harold Koontz Management is an art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized group. It is an art of creating such a environment in which people can perform and co operate towards achieving the goals. according to FW Taylor Management is an art of of knowledge what to do when to do and see that it is done in best and cheap way. Management is such a purposive activity which leads the whole groups effort into success and pre defined goals attainment. Its a process of working with others as a team and effectively achieve the goals of organisation with the help of limited resources. These goals may vary from one organization to another organization. Management also involve creating an internal environment it is a management which put many factors of production. Thats why its the responsibility of management to create such a situation which are conducive to maximum effort so that members of management can perform their task that is fitting the square pegs in square holes and round pegs in round hole. Success factors: for any organisation certain factors will be critical to the success of that organisation in the sense that if objectives associated with the factors are not achieved the organisation will fail perhaps catastrophically so. Following an example of generic critical success factors. New Product Development Good Distribution and Effective advertising Following are the types of critical success factors. Industry critical success factors resulting from specific industry characteristics. Strategy critical success factors resulting from the chosen competitive strategy of the business. Environmental critical success factors resulting from technological or economic Temporal critical success factor resulting from internal organizational needs. Each of these success factors should be measurable and linked to achieving the goal of organization. You have no need to exact measure to manage. Basic measure also should include the critical success level like numbers of transition per month or in case where specific measurements are more difficult main goal should be specified. Critical Success factors: an element of organisational activity which is key element to its future success. Critical success factors can be change from time to time. And may include item such as product quality employee behaviour manufacturing flexibility and brand awareness. Any of the aspects of a business which are identified as a vital of successful targets to be reached and maintained. Critical success factors are normally identified in such areas as production process, employee and organisation skills functions techniques and technologies. Employee Motivation employee motivation is one of the main success factor. Because employee play an important role in the success of whole organisation. With out employee manager or organisation cant achieve their goals. Employees are backbone of any organisation. Some time its very hard to get goals and employees need some motivation for getting that goals thats why employees motivation is very important factor. Its enhance their commitment level with the organisation and make them more strong and boast their moral. Only those organisation can be successful in the businesses who motivates their employees. Its a key of getting good result and to achieve its targets. As its saying that you can horse to water but you cant force it to drink it will drink only it is thirsty. Similarly employees will do what they want to do. Weather it is to excel on the workplace or in the ivory tower they must want motivation or driven to do it. Either by themselves or through others. Managers can motivate its work force by different ways like Job Enrichment It gives opportunity to employees to maximise utilization of their skills by assigning them assignments. By the job enrichment you can expand the tasks set that employee has to perform. You provide more interesting work that enhance the variety and challenge to work force daily routine. By this it leads to the work force more control on their work. By this factors you can design the job that can be helpful in motivation Skill variety Identification of task significance of task Autonomy Feedback There is also availability of option in job enrichment like Rotate Jobs It gives option to the work force to get the different sort of skills and show their performance in different sort of woks. This is the easiest way to get this by the help of rotation of job. Combine Tasks By working in a team its gives more challenging and complex work assignment. This can significantly enhance the identification of task because work force can see job from beginning to end, this can be cause of maximum utilization of skills which can make workers or employees more meaningful, others factors also include Identify project focused work force Develop autonomous work team Participative Management Redistribute Power Increase Feedback Pygmolian Motivation by this management can set a high standard of expectations can relise their workforce that this is what we want from you and you are calibre of this Motivation is a necessary skill which must be learnt. This is very essential for the success of business. Those organisation adopting the policy of continuously motivation of its employees can easily get their goals so its shows that motivation of work force is also a success factor of business. Risk Management: Risk management is an other important factor for the success of business organisation. Those businesses who undertake risk and forecast for unseen future problems. Its an integral part of managing business. Companies face different types of risk. Some may be external in nature which are not under the direct of the management. Like political environment the changes in exchange rates or fluctuation in interest. Some may be internal threat as well like in nature which the management can control to great extent for instance risk is linked with the non compliance in financial reporting or non compliance with the laws of labour. So its better to undertake the risk management because if unfortunately organisation has to face any problem in future there would be some substitute option for any problem. By this business organisation can avoid to suffer from heavy loss in future and this can company or organisation can get advantage on its those competitors those do not adopt this. So this is very important factor in today business environment. Risk management is a proactive process its not a reactive process. We can explain it with the example of Shell Oil which has a lot of offices in the New Orleans region but deal with Katrina and Hurricane weather well do to the risk management that it has in place. Risk can be transferred but it can not be eliminated, business organisation can contract with those companies who are willing to take risk like buying an insurance policy risk can be transferred. Or it can be reduced by taking some extra steps for control. Committed and Focused Leadership: leadership and power is linked with each other very closely. Its nature that people tend to follow those who are in power. And because of others follow the person who posses the power he be become leader. Leaders have power because the are experienced in their field or they are the members of the admin. And leadership is very important for the success of any business organisation. Because leaders leads the work force and work force lead to organisations success. Good leader is who deal from the front .And deal with the problems very smartly. Leaders give directions and road map to its work force who utilize their skills and play an active role in the achievement of the goals. So those organisations who have good leaders they are getting their targets easily. As much leaders are committed as they are going very well in business and management. Work force or individual can not lead organisation to success until unless they have committed leader in them. Its the only leader who take the organisation on peak with the help of its or leader who can cause in the failure of the organisation. So leaders role is very important role in organisation. Leader must engage all team in work and keep motivated to its team because with the help of motivation. He should collaborate and keep work force on process. The attribution theory in leadership show that people characterize that a leader who has such traits as intelligence he possess the outgoing personality he should also have strong communication skills. So a leader who possess these skills he would be an asset of the organisation and can play his role in the achievement of the organisational goals. Now organisations are looking for the transformational leadership qualities in leaders. They want such a leader who has the strong vision. And obviously a true leader is only that one who shows a good behaviour at the right time. And effective management now a days must develop trusting relation ship with those they are looking for that they are going to lead in future. Main Obstacle to effective organisation : There are different obstacles in todays management which effect the performance and create hurdles in the achievement of the organisation. So before this organisation must has to identify what are those obstacle and then they can find out solution to it. So its very important to find out the obstacle in the organisation. Powers and Politics Power refer to a capacity that some one has influence the behaviour of some one so that he can act in accordance with the wishes of the leader. Power may be exist but its possible might not be used. So it is capacity and potential that some one have but dont utilize. There are different basis of power like Formal power coercive power Reward power Legitimate Power Personal Power Expert power Referent Power. These can effect organisation performance if its miss used. Organisational Politics There has been shortage in the definition of organisational politics. Its about some one use of power to effect the decision making in any organisation or it can be used on the behaviour of members those are self serving organisationally non sanctioned. We can define by others word some one try to influence in decision which is not required as a part of any ones formal role in the organisation but its influence. Legitimate Political behaviour. Its normal routine day politics like complaining to the supervisors by passing the chain of command developing the coalition, not following the organisation policies contacts out of the organisation. Illegitimate Political Behaviour. Its about the violation of implied rule of the game. Its about some one pursue such extreme activities as its described some individual play hard ball. The main part of political action based on legitimate variety. The main reason of pragmatic. Reality of Politics. Organisation is made of individual and group with different sort of values targets goals and interest as well. Resources in the organisation are limited which often lead potential conflicts into real conflicts. If resources are were abundant then all the different then all the department with in the organisation can be satisfied but in reality its limited so no one interest provided for. And also true are not gains by any individual or group are often perceived as being as the expense of others with in the organisation . Conflict management: conflict is a natural occurrence all groups and organisation because it is inevitable the human relation school advocated acceptance of conflict. It cant be eliminated from the organisation even some time its good for the organisational group work. Because due to conflict there is a lot of point raised in discussion and people knowledge increase regarding the issues and different angels comes out for the single issue. But some time it can cause to slow down the process of organisation and can also stuck the work. Its occur some time due to misunderstanding and perceptions. Different of opinion in same organization

Religions, Morals and Civilization Essay -- religious beliefs

Religions, Morals and Civilization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the dawn of man, people have had their own forms of religion. Be it simple ceremonial burial or complex blessing rituals, each person had their own way to explain the wonders of nature like, how did we come here and what our purpose here was. Another thing that each individual person had was their own morals. Morals are what define a civilization. Labels like peaceful or barbaric are put on different civilizations because of their morals. The morality of each civilization defined their religious beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The lives of people who lived in the early ancient history time period were tough. They had to roam the land always looking for new game to hunt and plants and berries to gather. The people weren't united because of all this traveling, and therefore contact with other people was minimal. Morals are hard to develop without much contact with other people and so the religion of these early people was minimal. Then came the development of farming into this time period. Farming brought the people together. Small cities began to develop because the people didn't have to move around as much. With all this closeness, the people developed moral views on what to think about thieves or murderers. If certain civilizations didn't mind violence and killing, then they developed into a Brutal civilization. Consequently, the religions of these civilizations were evolved around sacrificial rituals and allegiance to brutal gods. The Assyrian civilization worked around this principle. They used scare tactics to overcome their enemies and treated their captives badly. They also believed in powerful gods who they feared. If certain civilizations became peaceful, then their religion reflected their peaceful nature and didn't have things like sacrifices. The people in peaceful civilizations believed in their religion because they wanted to not because they were afraid to. A good example of this is the Hebrews. The Hebrews were a peaceful people who disliked violence. Because of this peaceful nature, their religion taught values like brotherhood, charity, human dignity, and universal peace. Violent cultures cause violent religions and peaceful cultures create peaceful religion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greeks were a peaceful civilization. They believed in the idea of democracy and they strongly believed in philos... ...nce and being different. It isn't a coincidence that their religion contains many different gods each with its own personality and skills, like humans. The Roman culture dealt with so many different cultures, that its morals were frequently changing. The Romans changed their religion three times. During the Middle Ages, there was a decline of intelligence, cleanliness, and overall morals. The church became the tax collection agency, the hospital, and the school, which is a direct correlation between the decline in morals. So the increase in power of the church in the Middle Ages was because of a change in morals. The Renaissance was a rebirth of ideas and morality. These changes had the greatest effect on the church, which had grown strong in the Middle Ages. The peoples changing morals forced them to adopt new religions like Luthernism and Protestantism. Morals are what define a human being. They become present in every part of life, especially religion. Because civilization is moving so fast forward, peoples morals are changing rapidly too. When peoples morals change, it changes their whole life. That is why there have been so many different religions in the past.

Sociology of Emotion

The sociology of emotions is the article of Katherine Walker from the EBSOHost. The sociology of emotions’ article is based on the study of the  sociology  of  emotions  in which defines  emotions  as socially constructed and culturally variable labels attached to physiological responses to stimuli. Studies have questioned the universality of  emotions, their variation across cultures, rules about feelings and emotional displays, and the necessity of  emotions  to maintaining the social bond.The article was a previously researched article, because the author makes references to Sociology scholars that have established themselves in the field of Sociology, like Emile Durkhem and Erving Goffman (by Katherine Walker, 2010) The  sociology  of  emotions  is a relatively new subfield of  sociology, which first gained prominence in the 1970's. Prior to this time, the field of  sociology  concentrated more on cognition than  emotions, although  emot ions  have often remained a subtext in important works.Emotions  were seen as the turf of psychologists and biologists. However, sociologists began to systematically study  emotions because they realized first, that  emotions  are fundamentally social, and second, that  emotions  have always figured as causal mechanisms in sociological theory. Emotions  are of sociological interest because they are a primary human motivation, they help in rational decision-making, and they link the biology of the body with classic sociological (John J. Macoinis, 2009) questions about social construction and social control. Feature Article –  Sociology TestThe authors of the article try to make clear the concept of emotion, asking specifically, what is emotion? Which they explained as a sort of phenomenon that goes through the body, or mentally. For example, that thing that people usually have while watching a horror movie, scare or fear, that makes your heart beat faster. Walker step in the concept that people develop their emotion in seven Stages that start from childhood and goes all the way to the stage in which people are able to control their emotions, and learn how to adapt them to the new situation.The article about sociology of emotions provides us many points about the importance of emotion in a society, how our emotions are connected to the society that live, explained that the society plays an important role in people’s emotions, as well as the roles that the same society imposed on people so that they can behave in certain way, and the circumstances in which they may express emotions or feelings.This sociological article is similar to the chapter 6 of our text book, that explain some sociologists scholars theories about the everyday life interaction with emotions, the biological side of emotions, cultural side of emotions, as well as emotions in the work place, and we can observe the society influence in this matter.We can see that this article is a clear collection of information from other famous sociologist scholars, and that the authors of this article have actually written about what she found as more explicit in the sociology field about the subject of emotions, and that makes it different from what we can see from some magazine. References Strayer University EBSCO- Host Academic database: Author Katherine Walker, Ph. D, June 1, 2010, Sociology of Emotions. Introduction to Sociology, by john J. Maccionis, Twelve Edition, 2009

Study Into Upper Limb Tremor Health And Social Care Essay

Upper limb shudder is defined as the rhythmical, nonvoluntary agitating motion happening at any parts of the upper appendage such as shoulder, cubitus, carpus or fingers ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ; Siresena, 2009 ) . The happening of shudder during task public presentation can be badly disenabling. Patients may hold important physical damage ( Feys et al. , 2003 ; Heroux et al. , 2006 ; Louis et al. , 2001 ) and a markedly decrease quality of life due to quake ( Louis & A ; Rios, 2009 ; Nguyen et al. , 2007 ) . Burdening schemes are widely recommended to cut down shudder. Occupational therapy text edition ( Pedretti & A ; Early, 2001 ; Radomski & A ; Trombly, 2008 ) suggest the usage of leaden utensils and leaden carpus turnups to ease public presentation in day-to-day life undertakings. Leaden contraptions are besides commercially available for people with upper limb shudder regardless of their types. Despite the broad acknowledgment of burdening schemes to relieve shudder, there is presently no systematic grounds to back up the usage these schemes as effectual methods to cut down shudder. Therefore, the concern of this systematic reappraisal was to underscore the effects of burdening schemes on people with different types of upper limb shudder basically for occupational therapy service suppliers.CLASSIFICATIONS OF TREMORHarmonizing to the Movement Disorder Society, shudder may attest in two different conditions ; remainder and action ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ) . Tremor which occurs in a organic structure portion that is non supported against gravitation and non voluntarily activated is called remainder shudder while action shudder refers to any sort of shudder that is produced by voluntary contraction of musculuss looking during the public presentation of an activity ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ; Jankovic & A ; Fahn, 1980 ) . Action shudder which consists of postural shudder, kinetic shudder and isometric shudder ( Table 1 ) may besides look on both sides of the organic structure or one-sidedly. The visual aspect of shudder can be described by its frequence ; either it is low ( & lt ; 4 Hz ) , medium ( 4-7 Hz ) or high ( & gt ; 7 Hz ) .Table 1: Definitions of Action TremorPostural shudder Tremor which is produced while keeping a place against gravitation. Kinetic shudder Tremor which occurs during any voluntary motion. 2.1 Simple kinetic shudder Kinetic shudder which occurs during voluntary motions that is non target-directed. 2.2 Intention shudder Kinetic shudder which occurs during visually guided motions where the amplitude of shudder additions towards the terminal of motion. 2.3 Task-specific shudder Kinetic shudder that appears during specific activities. Isometric shudder Tremor which occurs as a consequence of musculus contraction against a stiff stationary object. Tremor can besides be addressed diagnostically harmonizing to specific syndromes. Harmonizing to Deuschl et Al. ( 1998 ) , the syndromic categorization of shudder is the footing for farther probe and curative processs. Twelve classs have been suggested ; physiologic shudder, enhanced physiologic shudder syndrome, indispensable shudder syndromes, dystonic shudder syndromes, parkinsonian shudder syndromes, cerebellar shudder syndromes, Holmes ‘ shudder, palatine shudder syndrome, drug-induced and toxic shudder syndromes, shudder syndromes in peripheral neuropathy, psychogenetic shudder and unclassified shudders ( Table 2 ) .Table 2: Syndromic categorization of shudderPhysiologic shudder Tremor which is present in every normal topic and every articulation or musculus that is free to hover. Enhanced physiologic shudder syndrome Easy visibleness of shudder, chiefly postural and high frequence. No grounds of underlying neurologic disease ; the cause of shudder is normally reversible Essential shudder syndromes Bilateral, mostly symmetrical postural or kinetic shudder affecting custodies and forearms that is seeable and relentless. Dystonic shudder syndromes Tremor in a organic structure portion affected by dystonia. Parkinsonian shudder Syndromes Pathologic shudder in patients with Parkinson ‘s disease with bradykinesia. Cerebellar shudder syndromes Pure or dominant purpose shudder, one-sided or bilateral. Holmes ‘ shudder Rest and purpose shudder with sometimes irregular presentation. Palatal shudder syndromes Rhythmical motions of the soft roof of the mouth. Drug-induced and toxic shudder syndromes Tremor occurs in a sensible time-frame following drug consumption or poisoning. Tremor syndromes in peripheral neuropathy Tremor develops in association with a peripheral neuropathy Psychogenic shudder Tremor which its amplitude lessenings during distraction. Unclassified shudder Tremor which can non be classified.CAUSES OF TREMORDespite assorted categorizations of shudder have been established, the causes of shudder remain unknown. Tremor is frequently described to tie in certain diseases including familial diseases such as Parkinson ‘s disease and besides metabolic diseases ( e.g. thyrotoxicosis ) . These conditions are frequently accompanied by the happening of one or more phenomenon of shudder to certain organic structure parts ( Jankovic & A ; Fahn, 1980 ) . Besides, shudder is normally seen in people with intellectual diseases such as multiple induration ( Alusi et al. , 2001 ; Koch et al. , 2007 ) every bit good as in peripheral neuropathies patients ( e.g. Guillain-Barre syndrome ) where postural shudder normally manifests. Tremor may besides happen in people with idiopathic diseases and sometimes look due to other external and internal factors such as drugs and intoxicant consumption ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ) . Badness of shudder may besides be increased due to factors such as anxiousness, emphasis, weariness, hungriness, febrility or excessively much of caffeine consumption ( Bear et al. , 2006 ) .THE IMPACT OF UPPER LIMB TREMORMost of the undertakings in day-to-day lives require complex manus use. Upper limb action shudder has proven to be more interfering in day-to-day life activities because it is activated by motion ( Feys et al. , 2003 ; Heroux et al. , 2006 ; Louis et al. , 2001 ) and may look bilaterally or one-sidedly. Harmonizing to a cross-sectional survey conducted by Feys et Al. ( 2003 ) , upper appendage shudder of their 32 multiple induration respondents was perceived to interfere their day-to-day life activities peculiarly in undertakings necessitating all right motor accomplishments such as feeding, imbibing, personal hygiene and written communicating. These findings were elicited from both standardized observations of 16 points in Functional Independence Measure ( FIM ) and a structured interview necessitating the participants to rate the degree of intervention of shudder in the FIM points, shaving or using make-up, picking up a pen, handwriting, runing a distant control, family and leisure activities. A larger figure of participants have been utilised in the survey by Louis and his co-workers ‘ ( 2001 ) to determine the impact of indispensable shudder towards functional disablement by utilizing a disablement questionnaire. In this survey, 85 per centum ( 76 respondents ) of the 89 respondents have reported disablement on more than one point on the questionnaire ( Louis et al. , 2001 ) . However, the relationship between disablement and upper limb shudder in both aforesaid surveies was non really clear because other symptoms of multiple induration may besides act upon the degree of independency in day-to-day life accomplishments. A descriptive case-series survey conducted by Heroux and his co-workers ( 2006 ) to 30 participants with indispensable shudder has besides described disablement in relation to upper limb shudder from another dimension. The survey was designed to find the extent of disablement in the survey population by utilizing time-based, standardized steps of upper appendage map ( Heroux et al. , 2006 ) . Significant differences have been determined between the topics with indispensable shudder in comparing to 28 healthy controls in different degrees of all right pinch clasp, gross grasping, object transit, and preciseness arrangement undertakings supplying a better grounds of the impact of upper limb shudder on manus use undertakings. In drumhead, the extent of disablement is high for people with upper limb shudder in conformity to activities of day-to-day life undertakings and manus use undertakings. This may hold a negative impact on quality of life and self esteem of an single and require extreme attending. Therefore, this survey focuses on shudder that occurs on the upper appendage during public presentation of undertakings ( postural and intention shudder ) .SIGNIFICANCE OF UPPER LIMB TREMORThe intervention effects in this survey were observed merely on upper limb postural and purpose shudders based these grounds: The gilded criterion of categorization of shudder is clinical categorization ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ) . Disabling pathological shudders of the upper limb manifested largely by postural and intention shudders ; indispensable shudder syndromes ( postural and intention shudder ) , parkinsonian shudder syndromes ( remainder and postural shudder ) , and cerebellar shudder syndromes ( purpose shudder ) . Handss are the most common site for shudder to attest ( Siresena, 2009 ) . Subsequently, the prevalence of upper limb shudder is presumptively high as indispensable shudder is found to be as one of the most common neurological motion upsets ( Louis, 2005 ) and upper appendage shudder is reported to happen in approximately one tierce of patients holding multiple induration ( Alusi et al. , 1999 ) . The act of keeping manus place against gravitation and executing target-directed motions utilizing the custodies are of import in undertaking completion, therefore shudder happening at these phases have a major impact of functional public presentation and leads to disablement in the battle of activity ( Feys et al. , 2003 ; Heroux et al. , 2006 ; Louis et al. , 2001 ) . The findings are extremely of import and relevant to occupational therapy.LITERATURE REVIEWThe intent of this subdivision is to reexamine the primary literature relevant to upper limb shudder. Literature of the bing processs used to cut down shudder, burdening schemes, methods to mensurate shudder, taking to the intent and aims of this systematic reappraisal will be reviewed.OTHER EXISTING PROCEDURESPrimary literature was reviewed to seek for other bing processs normally used to handle upper limb shudder besides burdening schemes. From the hunt, it can be assumed that the major intervention end of upper limb shudder is to minimise functional disablement and better quality of life. Treatment methods available include pharmacotherapy, and surgical processs. In some patients, indispensable shudder can be partly suppressed by medicine. Diagnostic drug intervention is tailored harmonizing to the types of shudder ( Charles et al. , 1999 ) . For illustration, parkinsonian shudder requires the effects of drug from combination of L-dopa and carbidopa to stamp down shudder. On the other manus, indispensable shudder may be relieved by propranolol or Mysoline while isioniazid may be utile in handling cerebellar shudder associated with multiple induration. Similarly, propranolol may command intoxicant backdown shudder while clonazepam may cut down orthostatic shudder. Although drugs may cut down shudder continuity, the effects on shudder is normally impermanent and accompanied by side effects. In a non-randomized, comparative survey of 25 patients who received long-acting propranolol 80-160 mg/day and 25 who received primidone 50-250 milligram at bedtime. Approximately 10 per centum of the patients experienced short-run side effects ( faint and bradycardia ) and 20 per centum of them experienced long-run side effects ( bradycardia, weariness, and erectile disfunction ) that required discontinuance of therapy ( Koller et al. , 1989 ) . Alternatively, surgical methods such as thalamotomy and deep encephalon stimulation are normally considered in terrible instances where primary drug therapy fails to command the happening of shudder ( Chan & A ; Swope, 2003 ) . Thalamotomy is a surgical technique based on theories that lesion in ventralis intermedius karyon of the thalamus will interrupt shudder activity. Thalamotomies are normally performed to one side of the encephalon which is contralateral to the badly affected limb. The efficaciousness of one-sided thalamotomy is high, with more than 80 % of patients sing durable suppression of shudder ( Schuurman et al. , 2000 ) . However, uncomplete lesioning of the ventralis intermedius will ensue in mild residuary shudder or re-emergence of shudder. On the other manus, the most recent surgical attack, deep encephalon stimulation ( DBS ) besides has been proven to successfully relieve shudder without making a lasting lesion as a consequence of thalamotomy ( Della Flora et al. , 2010 ) . However, the disadvantages of both surgical processs are dearly-won and increased potency hazard of redness and infection ( Chan & A ; Swope, 2003 ) .Weight SchemeBurdening schemes is a common method used to stamp down the happening of nonvoluntary tremorogenic conditions of the custodies. The attack has persisted in some rehabilitation scenes since the first clip limb weighting was being introduced to a group of patients with upper limb shudder in early 1960s ( Chase et al. , 1965 ) . Assorted theoretical thoughts have been created to explicate the pertinence of burdening schemes for this population. One of the theories proposed that adding sufficient tonss to a section of the organic structure exerts suppressive control over motor fluctuation ( Schalow et al. , 2005 ) . Harmonizing to dynamic systems theory, motion forms are influenced by undertaking restraints ( e.g. weight of utensils ) and personal features ( e.g. neurophysiological factors ) . It is plausible that the thought of utilizing weights to relieve parkinsonian shudder has persisted because of an feeling that the size of shudder of an object held in the manus may be reduced. The effects of limb weighting are believed to ease co-contraction and stableness of musculuss by increasing proprioceptive input to the cerebellum from the centripetal variety meats of the musculuss and articulations ( Wood & A ; Eames, 1989 ) . On the other manus, it has besides been hypothesized that the usage of weights on dis tal portion of the limb will suppress the being of shudder due to muscle weariness ( Wood & A ; Eames, 1989 ) . Common weighting schemes for people with upper limb shudder are weighted wrist turnup and leaden utensils/appliances. Leaden carpus turnup is Weighted utensils is In occupational therapy, compensation techniques are utile to optimise map upon disablement. The commissariats of weights have been supported in old occupational therapy literature ( Wood & A ; Eames, 1989 ) . In contrast to the theories by Wood and Eames ( 1989 ) , long term usage of leaden AIDSs were found to hold negative effects on the happening of shudder ( Kovich & A ; Bermann, 1988 ) . The remotion of leaden AIDSs will take to hyperbole of shudder due to gradual adjustment of the upper appendage musculuss to the excess weight provided by the weights ( Kovich & A ; Bermann, 1988 ) . Furthermore, the penchant of the type of leaden AIDSs ( wrist turnup and weighted utensils ) has besides been a conflicting issue as the latter 1s are non easy modified and controlled ( Dahlin-Webb, 1986 ) . In the state of affairs of persons with upper appendage shudder, the commissariats of leaden AIDSs to the upper appendage have been a common method to handle the job. Leaden carpus turnups which were designed to supply opposition to dorsal surface of the manus have been the most preferable method to cut down shudder ( Dahlin-Webb, 1986 ) . Alternatively, ready-made leaden equipments such as leaden utensils are besides commercially available for the same intent.TREMOR MEASUREMENTThe effectivity of a intervention process can be determined by measuring the primary or secondary impacts of shudder to a peculiar individual ( Bain, 1998 ) . Primary consequence refers to direct impact of the intervention process on shudder features such as frequence of shudder and besides the degree of shudder badness while secondary consequence refers to alter in the individual ‘s functional public presentation or life position. Therefore, the usage of a multidimensional attack of nonsubjective and subjective result steps is valuable to measure the effectivity of leaden AIDSs. There are four methods to accomplish the intent of survey which include physiological techniques, subjective clinical steps, nonsubjective functional public presentation trials and impact of shudder on patients ‘ lives ( Bain, 1998 ) . Accelerometry Tremor was recorded in the plane of flexure and extension of the manus with illumination piezoresistive accelerometers, base on balls set DC i? 100 Hz, mounted on the back of the manus between the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals with surgical tape. Tremor frequence and magnitude were measured with a Solartron 1220 Signal Processor. On the footing of 1-min samples of shudder a computation was made of the norm of six spectra derived from overlapping samples of shudder within the 1-min period. The spectra ranged from DC 50 Hz with 500 lines of spectral declaration and 90 dubnium dynamic scope. For moderate to terrible shudder, the averaged spectrum has a individual dominant extremum. The magnitude of acceleration at extremum was converted into supplanting arithmetically. For mild indispensable shudder the averaged spectrum typically had important constituents at a wide spread of frequences reflecting its multiple constituent beginnings, as is the instance for normal physiological shudder. This was true for both shudder recorded during undertakings and maintained position. The magnitude of mild indispensable shudder was characterised by the magnitude of the largest constituent nowadays. It should be noted that as tremor badness increased the figure of extremums greater than 50 % of the magnitude of the dominant spectral extremum decreased, be givening towards zero if harmonics were excluded. Accelerometry was performed on each patient during kept up position, when keeping a cup full of H2O and whilst transporting out a tracking undertaking. Volumetric appraisal The patients were required to keep a 100ml cup full of H2O between the pollex and finger with the cubitus supported and flexed by about 20A ° with the forearm in a semi-prone place and somewhat elevated, as if about to raise the cup to imbibe. The cup was made of plastic, weighed 20 g, had a 5 centimeter diameter, was 6 cm deep, and was ab initio full to the lip with H2O. The cup was held for 1 minute after which a measuring was made of the liquid staying in the cup. Volumetric appraisals were made three times for each manus and the agencies of the values for each manus employed in the consequences. Tracking undertaking The patients were tested with joystick trailing of a consecutive mark line which swept horizontally across the center of a 10 centimeter storage CRO screen. The tracking missile was a similar line which had to be maintained in super-imposition on the mark line. Both mark and missile were externally controlled so that they moved abreast at the same speed. The topic was seated in forepart of the CRO at normal sing distance. The control stick was mounted on the arm of the chair and was held between the pollex and fingers of the manus with forearm supported. The control stick control adjusted the perpendicular disparity of the missile so that any unwanted manus motion would do the projectile hint to hover above and below the intended flight. Each test consisted of a 1-minute expanse of the hints across the screen. Tracking mistake was characterised by the integral of the modulus of the distance of the projectile hint from a 1 millimeter deep impersonal zone about the mark. The system was tested on 15 healthy control topics who all produced zero mistake, irrespective of the manus used. In the instance of the patients tracking appraisals were made three times for each manus and the mean of the tonss ( for each manus ) utilized. Spirography The patients were instructed to pull a coiling with each manus in bend, with the pen held in a normal manner. The shudder seeable in a spiral was the independently scored ( from 0-10 ) by three â€Å" blind † raters, with zero bespeaking a normal spiral and ten an highly quavering one. The agency of the three raters ‘ tonss for each patient were used in the consequences, with each manus scored individually.Significance TO OCCUPATIONAL THERAPYWhat is a systematic reappraisal? What are the groundss that it is the best solution?AIMS OF STUDYTo analyze the effectivity of leaden AIDSs to handle persons with upper limb shudder To analyze the effectivity of different types of leaden AIDSs for persons with upper limb shudderResearch OBJECTIVESAim 1: To analyze the effectivity of leaden AIDSs to handle persons with upper limb shudderAims:To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb on shudder frequence To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the degree of badness of shudder To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the functional public presentation of the person with shudder To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the quality of life position of the person with shudder To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the disablement position of the person with shudder Aim 2: To analyze the effectivity of different types of leaden AIDSs for persons with upper limb shudderAim:To compare the results of leaden carpus turnups and weighted utensils following upper limb shudder1.10 RESEARCH QUESTIONSQuestion 1: Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb an effectual method to handle persons with upper limb shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb of persons with shudder reduce/increase the upper limb shudder frequence? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb of persons with upper limb shudder reduce/increase the degree of badness of shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb improve/decline the functional public presentation of the person with shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb improve/decline the quality of life of the person with shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb improve/decline the disablement position of the person with shudder? Question 2: Which type of leaden assistance is the most effectiveness to better the results following upper limb shudder? Leaden carpus turnup Weighted utensilsSummaryThis chapter has described the country of focal point of the survey including an account of upper limb shudder, current intervention available, background literature and relevancy to the field of occupational therapy. The research aims and inquiries have been set and initial justification for the methodological analysis of pick explained.

buy custom April 19, 1775 essay

buy custom April 19, 1775 essay April 19, 1775 has been an important day in the history of the American people. This day marked the beginning of the American Revolution sparked off by the desire of the British imperial powers to dominate over the Americans. The dilemma was who might have fired first during the first encounter in the contest between the minutemen, the Americans and the British troops. Going by the circumstances that revolved around the first encounter, it can be decided that the firing was made by the British troops. This assumption is based on several reasons. The leaders of both troops during the first encounter gave directives to the troops they were leading. They told them not to shoot at their adversaries. The British troop commander, Francis Smith, and the militia leader, Parker, warned their troops against firing at their enemies prior to any attack. As the British troops headed towards Concord to disarm th American rebels, they looted and burnt houses as well as executed the colonial militia along the route. There is substantial evidence to prove that the British troops could have executed the first gunfire (Lister, 1931). First, the commander of the militia in Lexington, John Parker, says that upon hearing the British troops approaching, he ordered his troops to cease from firing before they could be provoked. He also recorded that the British troops harassed them and, in fact, fired and killed eight of their men without receiving any provocative action from the militia men (Samantha, 2011). Another piece of evidence can be drawn from a horse rider, Simon Winship. He says that the British troops ordered him to dismount from his horse and accompany them. After resistance, the troop removed him by force and he was forced to travel with them. He marched with them. After a journey of approximaately an eighth of a mile, the troops were ordered to load their weapons. The troops moved until they came into contact with the militia forces. Winship also recounted about an officer among the British troops shouting Fire, fire!. Winship says that the voice of the officer was later followed by a discharge of arms. Meaning that the first firing came from the British troops but not from the American militia, he goes further to proclaim that there was no firing heard before the shout of the officer (Claude, 1902). From the incidence that took the lives of eight militia men, we can also conclude that the British troops were the first to fire. From the onset, both troop leaders ordered their troops not to fire to their enemies. However, after the first shot, the British troops started shooting recklessly until they killed eight men from the militia group. The American soldiers were told to disperse and not shoot. Buy custom April 19, 1775 essay

casblanca essays

casblanca essays In the clip from Casablanca, the mise en scene, cinematorgraphy, and sound, work in in unison to create a significant meaning to the film. The sequence of events adds the missing story piece of their love, and clues the viewer that something bad is yet to occur. This is achieved through the overal lighting, palcement of actors in their environment, the props present, and through the physical body language of the actors. In the first shot, Rick is shown slouched at the bar. He has a half empty bottle of booze and is drunk sounding in his sppech and physical demeanor. The song motif As Time Goes By is being played by Sam, the piano man. This song is used almost subliminally during different times when Rick or Ilsa are experiencing a thought about the other. His dialouge underlines the depth of his deep hurt and abandodment felt from Ilsa. There is a dark feel to the scene by the appropriately placed low key lighting and sharp contrast of shadows. Ricks white coat is a key light which makes him stand out as the viewer is able to concentrate on his feelings. The camera zooms in to a medium shot of Rick, and his feelings become even more subjective and personal. As, he draws on his cigaratte and exhales, the smoke leads to a flashback in Paris enabling the viewer to get inside Ricks head as the meaning of Ilsa is explained. The setting of Paris is evident through the foggy fade in of the second shot of the Larc de Thripomphe. The Paris montage shows Rick and Ilsa driving with an extremely phony back projection shot in which they magically go to Champs de Lisez to the counrty in one second. This unrealistic switch of settings shows how Rick;s memory works, and alos gives a sense of magical romance. Rick and Isla are shown enjoying each others company and falling in love. In the beginning of the third shot, we see them both smiling as the wind is blowing in their hair. Rick puts his arm arou...

A History of World in Six Glasses

How might beer have influenced the transition from hunting and gathering to agricultural-based societies. Beer might have/had influenced the transition from hunting and gathering to agricultural-based societies. One way beer could have done this was that after the discovery of beer, the demand for beer began to increase. With increase demand for beer, farming would increase taking away time to hunt and gather for food. With less hunting and gathering, farmers eventually settled down in small areas around the Fertile Crescent to create beer. What does the story of beer tell you about social and gender roles in ancient SW Asia and Egypt? Beer can tell us a story about the social and gender roles in ancient South West Asia and Egypt. During these times, beer was used as a way of payment. Those who were given more, worked more, or had higher positions. Sumerian temple workforces were given sila of beer a day; or two American pints. Junior officials were given two sila, higher officials and ladies of the court were given three sila, and the highest officials were given five. Woman who worked a few days at a temple were given two silas. This system meant that women were given a change for jobs, and even were sometimes given more silas than men. The social and gender roles in ancient South West Asia and Egypt are therefore seem as fair, since women were given just as much or more sila than men. How important do you think beer was in the growth and diffusion of the earliest civilizations? Would the earliest civilizations of SW Asia and Egypt have been as prosperous without the discovery of beer? I think beer was an important factor in the growth and diffusion of the earliest civilizations. This is because beer led to the development of an agricultural-based society. Without the discovery of beer, who knows how long it would have taken early civilizations in the Paleolithic era realized that farming would be better and faster than hunting and gathering. With increase farming for grains, leftovers grains were made into bread, or cereals, or beer. Leftovers soon became surpluses and surpluses of food led to population increase. With larger populations, villages became communities and societies were created. Earliest civilizations of South West Asia and Egypt would have been as prosperous without the discovery of beer, only their prosperity would take longer than usual. This is because, civilizations would have to wait for their main food supplies to decrease to finally figure out other ways of gaining food. But earliest civilizations would still be prosperous. Wine in Greece an d Rome (Chapters 3 and 4) What does the story of wine tell you about wine tell you about social and gender roles in the Mediterranean world? The story of wine can tell us about the social and gender roles in Mediterranean worlds. Private drinking parties known as symposiums was an all male aristocratic ritual that took place in a special mens room (man cave). Women were not allowed to sit with men in these men rooms, giving us the reader the impression that women could either not drink wine like Greek men or that gender discrimination was intact during these times. But female servers, dancers, and musicians were allowed, but why? Perhaps because men did not see female servers, dancers, and musicians as nothing but merely entertainment and slaves. Explain how the symposia and wine-drinking related to the development of ancient Greece (as compared to the other parts of the world). Symposia and wine-drinking related to the development of ancient Greece. One way was that symposia was a good way for men to come together and plot, drink, boast, and debate. Symposia was a way for men to get together and discuss many issues; where each and every men were equal in voice. Symposium was in theory, a forum in which the participants drank as equals from a shared crater. Wine-drinking on the other hand created the caste system for ancient Greece. Those who could afford top notch wine such as Falernian. The better wine you drank, meant the more money you made to purchase the wine, thus creating your caste in society. What effects does wine have on the development of Christianity and Islam? The banning of wine in Islamic culture would be the basic start for the banning of many other foods. The prophet Muhammads ban on alcohol is said to have started from a fight between two men who were under the influence. When Muhammad sought divine help from the one and only Allah, Allahs reply was to ban alcohol so that such a thing could not happen again. As for wine, it had a different story for the development of Christianity. Wine drinking was a tradition of Greeks and Romans. When barbarians took over Rome and Greece, wine drinking seemed to have halted. But as time went on, barbarians began to take up wine drinking again, sort of assimilating themselves into Greek culture. Barbarians soon became civilized, all thanks to the tradition of wine drinking. Spirits in the Colonial Period (Chapters 5 and 6) How did spirits advance/accelerated colonialism? When the Americas were just beginning to form, spirits accelerated their colonialism. At first, sugarcane production was introduced to the Western Indies or Caribbean Islands by Christopher Columbus. The West Indies land was not suitable to grow wine vines or grains for beer, instead Columbus introduced sugar canes to the Indies, creating a major sugar plantation in the West Indies. With the plantation growing, slaves were being imported from West Africa to help with the production of sugar. With more sugar being produced, more products could be made and thus more exports to England, Spain, France, and Germany. Having a staple crop, successful exports, sprits helped colonized anywhere it touched. In the 18th century, how did spirits change the balance of power amongst the western European nations? When rum was first discovered, Americas learned that to produce rum was cheaper than relying on European exports for Brady. Rum was discovered by using left over sugar production. Everyone could afford rum, from the slaves to the rich. With rum now being established as Americans favorite drink, European exports for Brandy began to decline. New England merchants began to import raw molasses rather than rum and do the distilling themselves. In 1733, a new law known as the Molasses Act was passed in London, prohibiting the amount of imported molasses into North America to sixpence a gallon. But Americans did not obey the law and smuggled molasses instead of buying them from Britain. England began to create more laws to limit the amount of molasses brought, but Americans would not listen and thus finally giving Americas the idea of their freedom. How did spirits help in the building and shaping of early America? During their fight for freedom, Americans began to turn their backs on rum and began to drink whiskey, since it was cheaper to make and easy to produce. Rum played a crucial part of the triangular trade between Britain, Africa, and the North American colonies that once dominated the Atlantic economy. Whiskey though on the other hand helped shaped America through disagreements and fights. Whiskey was an unpretentious drink associated with independence and self-sufficiency. Coffee in the Age of Reason (Chapters 7 and 8) Why did coffee become known to Europeans as the antithesis of alcohol? And how will this change the intellectual development of Europe? Coffee was known to Europeans as the antithesis of alcohol because instead of getting drunk and losing self control, coffee was known to keep on minds open and create new rationalism. This changed the intellectual developement of Europe because scholars, doctors, lawyers, and teachers drank coffee instead of wine. Instead of getting drunk in the daytime or nighttime, people would be up drinking coffee and beginning their day with an open mind instead of a closed mind. Was coffee the first true global beverage? Why or why not? Coffee was truly the first global beverage. Beginning in the Arab world, coffee was originated in the Arabia. From Mocha, coffee spread to Egypt and North Africa, and by the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia and Turkey. From the Middle East, coffee drinking spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas. How (and why) did coffee play a pivotal role in the Enlightenment and French Revolution? During the period in which coffee became popular, coffee played a pivotal role in the Enlightenment and French Revolution. Coffee was a popular drink which forced coffee houses to spring out of the ground. Coffee houses were like taverns back them. Anyone was allowed inside a coffeehouse, as long as they could afford a cup. Inside coffee houses, meetings would take place for practically anything. Government officials had no say nor clue in what was said inside coffee houses, plans would be plotted, schemes would be set, and eventually wars would break out. Along those meetings inside coffee houses, coffee was the drink of scholars, doctors, lawyers, and solicitations. Enlightenment ideas sprang out because of these people. People would talk about a change in the system while sipping on a cup of coffee. Or talk about their recent discoveries. Coffee was the drink of the wise. Tea and the British Empire (Chapters 9 and 10) Why was tea important to Chinas economy, and how did it affect Chinas relationships with other countries? Tea would not become a domestic drink in society until the 1st century BC and cultivation for mass quantities didn’t occur until the 4th century. During this period, known as the Tang Dynasty, China found itself the wealthiest and most populated nation in the world, in part due to their openness to outside influence. It was also during this time that tea found itself as the drink of choice by the nation. Explain the relationship between tea and the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of the British Empire. The industrial revolution used raw materials and manufactured them into a final product. The manufactured product secured more money in the world market than the raw materials, and thus led to more money for the British Empire. The ability to manufacture these goods gave the empire the control to manage the supply and demand of the good and set the price in the world market far above the cost of the raw materials and labor included in its making. Compare and contrast how the British trade in tea affect America and India. In the United States, the British trade helped create the Industrial Revolution. Textile manufacturing soon came into place. Workers were replaced with machinery that could do a job of ten men in less time. Having workers and machines together under one roof meant that the whole process could be closely supervised. But the tea trade soon took its toll, with new laws coming into place in the United States, many citizens were unhappy. The Boston Tea Party of 1773, serves as a protest to the overpriced tea. Soon enough, the British tea trade would led to the United States breaking away from their motherland. The East India Companys fortunes revived in 1784, when the duty on tea imports to Britain were slashed, which lowered the price of legal tea. In India, the search for the most suitable part of India to grow tea began. Since the new India tea industry would require a lot of manpower, this provided plenty of jobs for Indian workers. Tea cultivation also promised to be hugely profitable. In comparison, both America and India profited from the British tea trade. But unlike India, America was taxed and thus leading to riots and outbreaks over tea. In the end, America was able to break away from their motherland and buy their tea for a reasonable price. As for India, profits were made that benefited the country. Coco-Cola and the Rise of America (Chapters 11 and 12) How does the story of Coca-Cola relate to the rise of capitalism and entrepreneurship in the 19th and early 20th century? How does the story show a larger global economic shift? The story of Coca-Cola relates to the rise of capitalism and entrepreneurship. Capitalism is when an economic and political system in which a countrys trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. Entrepreneurship or an entrepreneur is someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it. In 1886 pharmacist John Stith Pemberton sold about nine Coca-Colas a day. During the 1870s, Pemberton was declared bankrupt and was fired twice which destroyed his stocks. Finally, in 1884, Pemberton started using a new ingredient: coca. After Pembertons death, Asa Candler took over the company. Candler was opposed to the idea of selling coca-cola in a bottle, but in July 1899 granted two businessmen, Benjamin Thomas and Joseph Whitehead the right to bottle and sell coca-cola, resulting to the famous drink that we all love/or hate today. During the Great Depression, the Cold War, and WWI and WWII, rather than shrink at the challenge, Coca-Cola took full advantage of the challenging times it found itself in, gaining a global phenomenon. Soon enough, the United States was producing and shipping coca-cola all over the world to soldiers, to different countries. How did Coca-Cola become the worlds most recognized product? The first marketing efforts in Coca-Cola history were executed through coupons promoting free samples of the beverage. Considered an innovative tactic back in 1887, couponing was followed by newspaper advertising and the distribution of promotional items bearing the Coca-Cola script to participating pharmacies. As the country mobilized into World War Two, Robert Woodruff, president of the Coca-cola company, issued an order that every man in uniform gers a bottle of Coca-Cola for five cents, whereever he ism and whatever it costs the company. (Page251) But shipping bottles of Coca-cola halfway around the world to every whereever troops were stationwas was very inefficient, thus special fountains and bottling plants were placed whereever possible. Soon enough, where ever the troops went, a Coca-Cola bottling plant was created. How does Coca-Cola affect peoples views of the United States? Is the spread of Coca-Cola an example of Americanization around the world? In some parts of the world, Coca-Cola was welcomed, but in other parts of the world drinking Coca-Cola was considered a sin. In Germany and Japan, people stated that Coca-Cola was an example of everything that was wrong with the United States. But even enemies of the United States, such as the Sovient Union, still wanted Coca-Colas to drink. Coca-Cola affect the views of people in good and bad ways. The Tibet Muslims, in protest against Coca-Cola, poured gallons of Coca-Cola on the streets. I believe that the spread of Coca-Cola is an example of Americanization around the world. Coca-Cola bottling plants brought in new machinery into differnt countries, showing these countries new technology. All around the world, Coca-Cola is served with any side dish. Wherever you go, whatever lanuage you speak, if you ask for a Coca-Cola anyone will know what you are talking about. EpilogueBack to the Source Do you agree of disagree with Standages argument in the epilogue? Will water be the most influential beverage in shaping the global situation of the next 100+ years? Why or why not? I agree with Standages arugument that water will be the most influential beverage in shaping the world. This is because, back then water was contaminated and no one knew how to fix that problem. Now though, water is a basic nessesity in everyones diet. Without water, many people are becoming dehydrated and dying of thrist. Water wont make you fat, has no calories, and is safe to drink. Without water, no livestock can be grown and land cannot be cultivated. Theres no food without water. With no livestock, we have no food, and with no food, we cant eat and will eventually die. Water will continue to influence and shape the world within the next 100 or so years.

Portfolio from Qatar exchange Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Portfolio from Qatar exchange - Assignment Example ty of giving maximum returns, but also include in the investment basket of less risky investment assets, with intent of minimizing the investment loss should one asset suffer poor performance (Daniel et al. 1998). As behavioral scientists suggest, most investors tend to be risk averse and taking this into consideration, I carried out proper analysis of the market before deciding on the best class of assets to invest in. This is done by looking at the historical performance of the desired shares to gain a better understanding and hence forecasting of the possible future performance. In the course of carrying out an investment in the money and capital markets, an investor should be up to date with the market information as it plays a bigger part in determining the equity price movement. Also, in considering investing in the stock market an investor should carry out thorough study of the companies in which he intends to purchase the stocks by paying much attention to its financials, the management and also its future plans. Further, for an investor to realize his investment goal, they should adopt an investment strategy that is consistent with his risk tolerance attitude failure to which a mismatch could otherwise lead to maximum loses. The following set of measurements was conducted to assess the performance of different classes of portfolio. We used these tests to perform Treynor Measure, which helped us decide on the best portfolio select the best portfolio among the six options, which has the lowest risk The best portfolio is one that balance returns with risk. Treynor Measure can be used to measure the success of the successful portfolios, by reviewing both risk and return together. To estimate risk, Treynor Measure takes into consideration the beta coefficient, which measures the volatility of the portfolio to the market (HÃ ¼bner 415). The following formula is used to calculate Treynor Measure: In this case, beta is represented by the standard deviation;

Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Amazon - Essay Example Amazon remains focused on providing convenience and excellence in customer service, much of which is promoted with the assistance of technologies. The company’s internal culture is aligned to respond and adapt to changing market conditions, giving the business a significant competitive advantage over other rivals. 2. The features of Amazon’s strategy Amazon is a leader in understanding its target market characteristics and then adjusting the organisational culture, products and services, and marketing strategies to appeal to these known characteristics. Amazon has identified three market segments that the business will service, including consumer customers, seller customers, and developer customers. It is a very customer-centric organisational model that seeks, primarily, growth as an objective. Amazon accomplishes this by establishing a pricing structure under a price leadership strategy, offering a vast assortment of merchandise, and injecting convenience into the bus iness model (Stockport 2010). The business’ vision to be the most consumer-centric business in its industry reflects how Amazon continues to develop strategies, both corporate-level and business-level, to ensure that it fulfils these promises for focus on providing value to its many diverse markets. One method of promoting this value and convenience is the recent program entitled Frustration-Free Packaging, which was designed to ensure consumers could easily remove their products from Amazon’s packaging. Cloud computing, additionally, provides its developer customers with low-cost IT services and the ability to outsource many business functions for further cost-savings. The continual development of new services, such as the MP3 Music Store, IMDb.com allowing for television program viewing, and launch of the Office Supplies Store in 2008, illustrates the constant evolution of the business model that caters to a wide variety of target markets with varying needs. Innovati on, as compared to competition, is what makes this business model difficult to replicate by rivals and secures the promises of being consumer-centric that makes up the foundation of corporate strategy. 3. Analysis of Amazon’s internal environment Amazon’s CEO, Jeff Bezos, is a firm believer in corporate frugality. In the company’s headquarters, this thrift is evident with employee desks that have been recycled from doors, at an estimated cost of $130 USD and monitors that rest on telephone books to avoid the high costs of stands (University of Graz 2013). Amazon maintains very powerful competitive advantage as it relates to human capital, having established a firm set of values and a shared vision that allows for decentralised business function for better teamwork and interpersonal relationship development. In order to develop the appropriate service culture necessary for Amazon to achieve its mission of consumer-centrism, the organisation must have leadership t hat is visionary, one that establishes and iterates mission and vision, and inspire others through positive and ethical leadership traits (Fairholm 2009). Figure 1: Internal Competency Framework Success factors for internal efficiency Figure 1 illustrates the six competencies of the internal organisational culture at Amazon that contribute to fulfilment of the customer-centric mission and vision. The decentralised structure provides employees with opportunities to engage socially and professionally to establish a team culture that is flexible and where knowledge transfer is part of the organisational model with tacit and explicit knowledge holders in multiple divisions of the business model. Coupled with a cultural attitude for reducing overhead (the Amazon frugality culture), the business is able to devote more resources

Cinnamon Chex Retailing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cinnamon Chex Retailing - Research Paper Example Manufactures, warehouses, and transporters maintain a timely delivery of products to their consumers. This paper explore the Cinnamon Chex; a food product popular in United States. It will endeavor to trace the production of Cinnamon Chex, its natural ingredients, and added ingredients. The paper further seeks to discuss supply chain, processing, delivery, and SWOT analysis. Finally, it will give the relevant recommendations about the product to consumers. Cinnamon Chex is a product taken as breakfast by many people. This food appears in a cereal meal that is highly nutritious (Crocker 49).Cinnamon Chex contains plant nutrients, mineral salts, and fiber. It is a whole grain meal. Cinnamon consumers have little information about its natural source. Cinnamon comes from the inner bark of several trees. These trees belong to genus cinnamonium that has a wide range of use in savory and sweet foods (131). The trees grow naturally in South East Asia, such as Bangladesh, and Sumatra. Cinnamo n cultivation takes two years to mature. After full maturity, drying of branches takes place subsequent removal of the rough, wooden outer barks through a scrapping process (58). Drying of Inner barks takes four hours in an ideal dry, warm environment. Use of wet surfaces promotes growth of pests. This form of agriculture is an export oriented. Exportation of cinnamon promotes foreign exchange, which creates trade links amongst nations. Cinnamon is a spice that enhances marketability of the products that utilize it in their preparation (121). To make it appealing to the consumer to buy this product, incorporation of various products is desirable. Some of these products include salted whole almonds, brown sugar, chopped dry apples, and vanilla yogurt-covered raisins. The major nutrients in Cinnamon Chex include proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, fibers, and mineral salts. To prepare a sixteen -serving Cinnamon Chex, the recipe contains, one cup chopped apple, and two tablespoons ligh t corn syrup. It also has half a cup of vanilla yogurt covered-resins, one table spoon of ground cinnamon, a third cup of packed brown sugar, and five cups of wheat Chex. Margarine is also part of ingredients in a quarter -cup portion (243). Timely manufacturing and delivery of Cinnamon Chex is essential. Manufactures should observe safety issues. All practices involved in the processing must be in accordance with Food and Drug Act. Ignorance to maintain high health standards means endangering lives of consumers. It also risks the Cinnamon Chex sales because of the probability of closure of the manufacturing companies (79). Food and Drug Act has mandate to issue orders for immediate termination of services for the manufacturing company that violates Food and Drug Act. Traceability of Cinnamon Chex is an essential tool in a business venture. This tool ensures proper management of inputs and outputs, which results into major improvements in terms of quality and efficiency. A mechanism such as external auditing and advice on safety plays a big role to stabilize depreciating quality of Cinnamon Chex product. Cinnamon Chex retailers employ a standardized system of traceability. This enables an easy trace back of recent sales through immediate buyers. Traceability helps to restore of company’s reputation. However, it is not always perfect in food. Cinnamon Chex retailers are no exception. SWOT analysis endeavors to evaluate Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and

BUSN300 Unit 5 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BUSN300 Unit 5 IP - Research Paper Example It has factories that spread over six continents  dealing  with the production of automobiles Toyota Business Environment Every organization, regardless of the business they are doing, is exposed to a lot of factors that has an effect on the performance of a company and also the strategies and decision making of an organization. It is therefore important for companies to be informed about these factors since they can have an influence on the plans and strategies of a company Challenges faced by Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota Motor Corporation being an international company faces a lot of legal and business challenges that have affected the strategies, plans and decisions of the organization and also the entire automobile industry. Some of the challenges include: The products of Toyota company are found everywhere in the world and the company supplies its automobiles to various countries globally. Competition is none of the greatest challenge the company has to deal with since th e company is operating in a competitive environment. Factors like the features and quality of the product, research and development time, safety, reliability, pricing, customer service, pricing terms and fuel economy. The company has been offering world class products which have made it to be a leader in the market and its products are facing steep competition. Nevertheless, the company has been leading on the market which led to the company being awarded as the number one company in sales of automobiles. The company was affected by the economic crisis that was experienced in 2008 in the US. Since the company is the leading manufacturer of the automobile, its turnover of over $17 billion was shaken due to this economic downturn. This was attributed to the fall of consumer spending that affected many households. The company was able to survive the economic turmoil since it had other services like biotechnology and other financial services. Furthermore, the company had to let off some temporary workers and also had to reduce car production of automobiles Toyota Company had to recall over 14 million Lexus and CamrySolara models of vehicles which had an acceleration problem. This problem was traced to the vehicle accelerating itself while driving at a low speed. This has increased the number of accidents that have been experienced all over the world. The company was forced to respond to questions that were asked by the customers about the quality of the products. Despite the challenges faced by the company, the management of the company has focused their attention on solving problems and service delivery to the customers. The company had to use the SWOT analysis so as to understand the business Strengths The company has a global production plant in six continents. The company has the capacity to produce the best services as compared to other competitors. The greatest strength of the company is the manufacturing of quality products to the customers. Though some peo ple  are  not be in a position to buy the automobiles of the company, the company still has a growth in its sale due to the production of quality and reliable products. This allows the company to serve both private and commercial organizations therefore dominating in all sectors f the market Weaknesses The company is only focusing on big economies and forgets emerging economies. Opportunities Presence of new technology has facilitated the company in producing Eco-friendly automobiles. The

Human resource management case study Assignment

Human resource management case study - Assignment Example central government and pressure groups that exist around the area where the business organisation conducts its business operations usually prescribe and reinforce this second objective. According to Linstead (2009), in the pursuit of positively affecting the local community, business organisations in the 1960s nurtured the concept of corporate social responsibility. Kotler and Lee (2004) described corporate social responsibility as the efforts of a business organisation to improve the social, environmental welfare of the surrounding community through various initiatives that are not aimed at generating any income for the company. The corporate social responsibility initiatives may include instituting environmental conservation programs, and empowering the local community through provision of employment opportunities and/ or training. This present essay mainly seeks to analyse a case study entitled Rio Tinto Indigenous Employment Program, which is a corporate social responsibility program for the company that seeks to affect positively the local communities in Australia where the company operates in, through provision of employment opportunities and other benefits to the indigenous people. The essay will first commence with a brief preview of Rio Tinto and its indigenous employment program. Secondly, the essay will analyse the stakeholders involved in the case study and their role in the program. Thirdly, the essay will look into how addressing employment and educational opportunities and outcomes of the indigenous community impact on the company’s strategic objectives. Fourthly, the essay will explore how human resource functions contribute to the implementation of the indigenous employment program and the company’s overall success. Fifthly, the essay will explore the key human resource and other strategic challenges involved in the case. In reference to the Rio Tinto Indigenous Employment Program in Australia case study, it is noted that Rio Tinto is a

Cinnamon Chex Retailing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cinnamon Chex Retailing - Research Paper Example Manufactures, warehouses, and transporters maintain a timely delivery of products to their consumers. This paper explore the Cinnamon Chex; a food product popular in United States. It will endeavor to trace the production of Cinnamon Chex, its natural ingredients, and added ingredients. The paper further seeks to discuss supply chain, processing, delivery, and SWOT analysis. Finally, it will give the relevant recommendations about the product to consumers. Cinnamon Chex is a product taken as breakfast by many people. This food appears in a cereal meal that is highly nutritious (Crocker 49).Cinnamon Chex contains plant nutrients, mineral salts, and fiber. It is a whole grain meal. Cinnamon consumers have little information about its natural source. Cinnamon comes from the inner bark of several trees. These trees belong to genus cinnamonium that has a wide range of use in savory and sweet foods (131). The trees grow naturally in South East Asia, such as Bangladesh, and Sumatra. Cinnamo n cultivation takes two years to mature. After full maturity, drying of branches takes place subsequent removal of the rough, wooden outer barks through a scrapping process (58). Drying of Inner barks takes four hours in an ideal dry, warm environment. Use of wet surfaces promotes growth of pests. This form of agriculture is an export oriented. Exportation of cinnamon promotes foreign exchange, which creates trade links amongst nations. Cinnamon is a spice that enhances marketability of the products that utilize it in their preparation (121). To make it appealing to the consumer to buy this product, incorporation of various products is desirable. Some of these products include salted whole almonds, brown sugar, chopped dry apples, and vanilla yogurt-covered raisins. The major nutrients in Cinnamon Chex include proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, fibers, and mineral salts. To prepare a sixteen -serving Cinnamon Chex, the recipe contains, one cup chopped apple, and two tablespoons ligh t corn syrup. It also has half a cup of vanilla yogurt covered-resins, one table spoon of ground cinnamon, a third cup of packed brown sugar, and five cups of wheat Chex. Margarine is also part of ingredients in a quarter -cup portion (243). Timely manufacturing and delivery of Cinnamon Chex is essential. Manufactures should observe safety issues. All practices involved in the processing must be in accordance with Food and Drug Act. Ignorance to maintain high health standards means endangering lives of consumers. It also risks the Cinnamon Chex sales because of the probability of closure of the manufacturing companies (79). Food and Drug Act has mandate to issue orders for immediate termination of services for the manufacturing company that violates Food and Drug Act. Traceability of Cinnamon Chex is an essential tool in a business venture. This tool ensures proper management of inputs and outputs, which results into major improvements in terms of quality and efficiency. A mechanism such as external auditing and advice on safety plays a big role to stabilize depreciating quality of Cinnamon Chex product. Cinnamon Chex retailers employ a standardized system of traceability. This enables an easy trace back of recent sales through immediate buyers. Traceability helps to restore of company’s reputation. However, it is not always perfect in food. Cinnamon Chex retailers are no exception. SWOT analysis endeavors to evaluate Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and

Human resource management case study Assignment

Human resource management case study - Assignment Example central government and pressure groups that exist around the area where the business organisation conducts its business operations usually prescribe and reinforce this second objective. According to Linstead (2009), in the pursuit of positively affecting the local community, business organisations in the 1960s nurtured the concept of corporate social responsibility. Kotler and Lee (2004) described corporate social responsibility as the efforts of a business organisation to improve the social, environmental welfare of the surrounding community through various initiatives that are not aimed at generating any income for the company. The corporate social responsibility initiatives may include instituting environmental conservation programs, and empowering the local community through provision of employment opportunities and/ or training. This present essay mainly seeks to analyse a case study entitled Rio Tinto Indigenous Employment Program, which is a corporate social responsibility program for the company that seeks to affect positively the local communities in Australia where the company operates in, through provision of employment opportunities and other benefits to the indigenous people. The essay will first commence with a brief preview of Rio Tinto and its indigenous employment program. Secondly, the essay will analyse the stakeholders involved in the case study and their role in the program. Thirdly, the essay will look into how addressing employment and educational opportunities and outcomes of the indigenous community impact on the company’s strategic objectives. Fourthly, the essay will explore how human resource functions contribute to the implementation of the indigenous employment program and the company’s overall success. Fifthly, the essay will explore the key human resource and other strategic challenges involved in the case. In reference to the Rio Tinto Indigenous Employment Program in Australia case study, it is noted that Rio Tinto is a

Breaking Dawn Edwards Pov Essay Example for Free

Breaking Dawn Edwards Pov Essay â€Å"I miss you already.† â€Å"I don’t need to leave. I can stay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Mmm.† It was the eve of our wedding and Bella and I were lying in her narrow bed together, as was our habit. Though it was August, she was wrapped in her usual swaddling blanket, a protection against the chill of my skin. The bulky afghan did not prevent Bella’s hands from wandering about, exploring the unclothed parts of my body. If she had her way, both of us would be even less clothed. I found shirtless to be challenge enough. With Bella’s fingers probing the outlines of each muscle and bone above my waistband, her lips on mine, I was both awash in pleasure and sinking into concern. Some might call it performance anxiety and I could not deny it. When one’s performance was a matter of life and death, there was no shame in that. Bella dragged her tongue across my top lip and a surge of desire shot through me. It was all I could do to remain still and let the sensation fade. If she were a vampire, I would have rolled on top of her, stripped off the bulky afghan and pressed my entire body into hers. I would have kissed her passionately, tasting her lips, her tongue, and pulling her as close to me as the laws of physics would allow. Ahhh†¦ I groaned and retreated from her caressing hands and her delicious, warm tongue. â€Å"Wait,† Bella murmured, clutching my arms. I watched as she kicked her right leg free from the blanket and wrapped it around my waist. â€Å"Practice makes perfect.† I chuckled. I’d heard that one before. Numerous times. â€Å"Well, we should be fairly close to perfection by this point, then, shouldn’t we? Have you slept at all in the last month?† â€Å"But this is the dress rehearsal,† she protested, â€Å"and we’ve only practiced certain scenes. It’s no time for playing safe.† Playing safe. My body froze as I considered how easy it would be to break Bella’s arm, or tear out a handful of her beautiful hair, or snap her spine, or†¦ â€Å"Bella†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Don’t start this again. A deal’s a deal.† â€Å"I don’t know. It’s too hard to concentrate when you’re with me like this. I—I can’t think straight. I won’t be able to control myself. You’ll get hurt.† â€Å"I’ll be fine.† â€Å"Bella†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Shhh!† Bella put her hands on either side of my face and pressed her lips against mine. I would like to have been distracted by that, but it was too late. My mind was already elsewhere, drifting from the thousand-and-one ways I could harm Bella to enumerating all she was giving up for me†¦her family, her friends†¦her chance to be a mother, to grow old, to become something more than what she was right now. It was too much to sacrifice just to be with me. In my mounting distress, I revisited an argument that Bella and I had had repeatedly. I’d never convinced her before; I don’t know why I thought she might change her mind now. â€Å"It’s not right! I don’t want you to have to make sacrifices for me. I want to give you things, not take things away from you. I don’t want to steal your future. If I were human—† Bella stifled my objections by putting her hand over my mouth. â€Å"You are my future. Now stop. No moping, or I’m cal ling your brothers to come and get you. Maybe you need a bachelor party.† My brothers must have agreed with her, for Emmett’s thoughts suddenly interrupted my own. Maybe we’ll catch them with their clothes off! Hope so. Ha, ha! â€Å"Oh, for the love of all that’s holy!† â€Å"What’s wrong?† â€Å"You don’t have to call my brothers. Apparently Emmett and Jasper are not going to let me bow out tonight.† Bella tightened her grip for a moment before releasing me. â€Å"Have fun,† she said. Perhaps it would be better for Bella if I left. Then I wouldn’t upset her with the â€Å"cold feet† I’d told her I didn’t have. I had no second thoughts about marrying Bella—I could hardly wait to do that! My second thoughts were all about the wedding night. Yes, I should leave. Maybe she would get some sleep if I did. â€Å"If you don’t send Edward out,† Emmett threatened in his best, creepy-monster voice, â€Å"we’re coming in after him!† Bella lau ghed. â€Å"Go! Before they break my house.† Kissing her forehead, I advised, â€Å"Get to sleep. You’ve got a big day tomorrow.† â€Å"Thanks! That’s sure to help me wind down.† â€Å"I’ll meet you at the altar.† I gave her a sly smile. â€Å"I’ll be the one in white,† Bella announced nonchalantly, as if we were planning a rendezvous at the mall. I chuckled at that, considering the anxiety attacks that overcame her every time I mentioned the wedding. â€Å"Very convincing,† I tossed over my shoulder as I leaped out the window. My feet landed squarely on Emmett’s head, knocking him to the ground. â€Å"Dammit, that hurt!† Emmett stage whispered, as he jumped up and took a swing at me. I dodged the punch easily. His thoughts always gave him away. â€Å"You’d better not make him late,† I heard Bella warn my brothers. Jasper leaped up and grabbed the eaves outside Bella’s window. He turned on his soothing vibes. â€Å"Don’t worry, Bella. We’ll get him home in plenty of time.† â€Å"Jasper? What do vampires do for bachelor parties? You’re not taking him to a strip club, are you?† she whispered to Jasper and I had to smile. As if that would be fun for me! No woman had ever affected me like Bella did. Women could dip themselves in blood and parade around naked all day and it wouldn’t do a thing for me. I should know†¦Tanya had tried such tricks many times to get me into her bed. â€Å"Don’t tell her anything!† Emmett hissed at Jasper, earning himself a friendly forearm shove that knocked him to the ground†¦again. I could never beat Emmett if we fought strength to strength, but with my mind-reading skill, he rarely got in a good punch. I laughed at his expression as he stood up and brushed the grass off his jeans. He tried to loo k casual as he readied himself for a â€Å"surprise† counterattack. Just as he launched himself at me, I took off running, knowing he couldn’t catch me at full speed. â€Å"Relax,† I heard Jasper reply to Bella. â€Å"We Cullens have our own version. Just a few mountain lions, a couple of grizzly bears. Pretty much an ordinary night out.† Jasper had told Bella the truth. We would be celebrating our boys’ night out with a hunt. I didn’t need the blood at the moment, but it was still a good idea. If I fed now, then I wouldn’t have to leave Bella to hunt for the first two weeks of our honeymoon. Besides, I only had one more day to remain chaste until Bella and I were married. I did not want to slip-up at this late date—getting out of Bella’s bed would make that a whole lot easier. Running gave me time to think about the last couple of months. As my fiancà ©, Bella had accepted the black credit card with her name on it attached to my account. Like the cell phone, I’d presented it as a â€Å"safety precaution,† but she’d started to use it for other things too, and that had been the point. Bella had quit her job at Newtons Olympic Out fitters, so she didn’t have any pocket money to speak of. I was glad that she’d quit. I preferred not giving Mike Newton the opportunity to gape at and entertain salacious thoughts about my bride-to-be as was his habit. Also, I was happy that we could spend more time together. I didn’t have to part with her company for the three or four days a week she would have worked for what I considered to be spare change. Unless she really liked the job—and I knew that she didn’t—I saw no point in sacrificing our time together. It had been a great summer. The only slight comedown had been the â€Å"father-in-law talk† Charlie had initiated with me. I haven’t encountered many people who could surprise me in the last eighty years, but Charlie was one who could. His mind was so quiet—in the sense of relatively impenetrable to me—that while I could perceive his feelings, I often couldn’t hear the inner dialogue that went with them. I didn’t like the sense of insecurity it gave me not knowing what he was thinking. I was used to having more time to consider how to react to people than I ever had with Charlie. One evening five weeks earlier, Charlie had grabbed my arm as Bella and I were leaving his house for the evening. We’d found a number of private parking spots around the area and we liked to visit them as often as possible. Because he’d surprised me, I reflexively yanked my arm out of his grip at my natural strength. Immediately, he’d put both palms up as if he was surrendering. He’d mistaken my quick reflex as a sign of anger. The interaction reminded me of the television show â€Å"Cops,† in which hooligans whirl around and punch an arresting police officer just on principle. Charlie must get that a lot. I quickly raised my palms to indicate a mutual surrender. I would have smiled if I hadn’t thought Charlie would interpret it as a taunt. Bella had missed our interaction and was continuing toward the car. â€Å"What can I do for you, Charlie?† I inquired politely. â€Å"I was just wondering what your folks think about you proposing to my daughter.† â€Å"Oh, they love her, they really do.† â€Å"That’s not exactly what I meant.† â€Å"No?† I wasn’t going to help him interrogate me. â€Å"No†¦uh†¦I meant what do they think of you getting married right out of high school?† â€Å"Oh! Well, you know they got married quite young themselves. Esme already had Jasper and Rosalie to look after when she met Carlisle. They fell in love and Carlisle wanted to help support the kids, so he proposed when Esme was younger than he might have otherwise. They’ve been extremely happy, so they don’t have any prejudice against getting married young.† â€Å"Do you think you’re old enough to handle this kind of responsibility? That’s my daughter you’re promising to support for the rest of your life. A re you one hundred percent sure that you’re ready for that?† â€Å"I will be there for Bella. I can assure you of that.† â€Å"What if you screw it up and things fall apart?† Charlie pressed. I thought about that for a moment before answering. I knew what he was referring to without having to read his thoughts. â€Å"There are many ways I could mess things up,† I admitted. â€Å"I’ve already made mistakes with Bella. I know that. I wasn’t here for her when she needed me. I swear to you, Charlie, I left because I wanted Bella to have a chance to find somebody better than me. But I found that I couldn’t live without her and so I came back. Jacob might be a better choice for her, but she still wants me and as long as she does, I won’t leave her. I don’t make the same mistakes twice.† Charlie just gave me his dark-eyed, policeman’s stare. I didn’t blame him. He’d watched Bella suffer daily after I abandoned her. Jacob had impressed upon me all the painful details he could summon about that time. â€Å"Jacob’s a good young man,† Charlie finally responded, â€Å"but I wouldn’t want him marrying her at his age, either.† I took another moment to consider my response, and then sighed, knowing I’d never convince him with words. â€Å"The only way to know whether I’ll be good for Bella is with time. I can’t offer you proof, but I love her more than my own life and I will take care of her, Charlie. I just hope that I can make her as happy as she makes me, though I hardly think it’s possible.† Charlie’s stare didn’t change, so I continued. â€Å"If it makes you feel any better, my family is behind us, and you know Carlisle well enough to know that he would never let Bella down†¦even if I did. My family would step in for me. That’s just the way my parents are. They’re great people.† â€Å"I know they are†¦Edward. I trust Carlisle and that’s why I’m not making more of a fuss about this.† I acknowledged his statement with a nod. â€Å"Just so you know, Charlie†¦Bella and I discussed eloping to Las Vegas and marrying without telling anyone. But Bella didn’t want to cut you out of her decision in that way, so we decided to make it a family event.† â€Å"I knew there was something going on!† Charlie exclaimed. â€Å"I had a feeling you two were going to take off together!† â€Å"Bella wants you there to walk her down the aisle, or the stairs, rather. I hope you can see your way clear to do that for her on her day.† Charlie nodded stiffly and I turned to follow Bella to the car. â€Å"That’s a fancy car you got my daughter.† â€Å"Yes, it’s a loaner. Carlisle called in a favor for me. It’s a very safe car.† â€Å"Well, that’s good. You can hardly get a car that’s safe enough to share the roads with all the bad drivers and drunk drivers out there.† â€Å"I agree. Goodnight, Charlie.† â€Å"’Night.† Charlie shut the front door and I saw that Bella was coming back to get me. I hurried toward her. â€Å"What was all that about?† â€Å"Charlie wanted to have a little ‘man-to-man’ talk about his precious daughter, but I told him I agreed with everything he said, so he loves me now.† I grinned and winked at Bella. She didn’t buy it. â€Å"No, what did he really want?† she demanded. â€Å"Tell me, or I’ll march right back and ask him!† I sighed. â€Å"Charlie just wanted to warn me about the dangers of marrying too young and make sure I was knew what I was doing.† â€Å"What did you say?† â€Å"I said that I was old for my age,† I replied, giving her a crooked smile. â€Å"You did not!† â€Å"Sure, why not? I am, aren’t I?† I teased. â€Å"Ancient. I should be grossed out being with you.† â€Å"Fortunately, I still look good and that’s what really counts.† We both laughed and, to my relief, Bella dropped the subject. Bella’s mother, Renee, had flown in two days earlier and Bella was sticking close to her except when our mothers worked on the wedding. It was odd behavior for a bride-to-be, but I wasn’t marrying Bella because she was like everyone else. Quite the opposite. When I’d come home two evenings previous, Renee was visiting Esme. In an attempt to demonstrate her acceptance of me as her almost son-in-law, Renee had dashed across the living room and thrown her arms around my neck. â€Å"Welcome to our family, Edward!† she’d said. I thought perhaps she was overexcited by the trip or by meeting my family. I hadn’t expected such an exuberant greeting, though she had no particular misgivings about Bella marrying me. Renee ended the hug abruptly when her arms encountered my cold, hard self. â€Å"Hmm,† she mumbled as she broke off contact. Hard body! was her thought, and I almost laughed out loud. The picture in her mind was complimentary, not lite ral. She was imagining what my upper body looked like without a shirt. I’d already gotten acquainted enough with Renee when Bella and I went to Florida that I knew she didn’t mean anything by it. A cougar†¦just like Bella, I thought, and smiled to myself. It was a little sad to meet Renee again, knowing that this was the last time Bella would see her, or possibly even talk to her on the phone. As I watched Bella over the course of the two days, I sensed that she was saying her goodbyes. If I’d had to give up Carlisle and Esme to be with Bella, I could have done it. I had given them up once before. But it was hard to accept that I could make Bella happy enough to give up seeing her parents. I’d asked her again last night whether she was prepared to do that and her response had been, â€Å"Are you trying to ditch me?† Then we’d started laughing and the question had gotten lost. My brothers and I didn’t get back from hunting until a couple of hours before the wedding. Esme collared us immediately and sent us to the back garden to hang flower garlands for Alice. It had to be done at the last minute or the August day would wilt them. Alice had prohibited me from going anywhere near where she was preparing Bella, so I headed to my third-floor room to make myself presentable. Alice had changed my old-fashioned tux just enough to convert it from â€Å"vintage† to â€Å"vintage chic,† as she put it. It did look good, I had to admit. I tried to neaten my normally unruly hair. I put some hair gel on it and convinced it to lie down in a semi-orderly fashion. After a time, Jasper came upstairs to tell me that the first guests were arriving. He and Emmett would be ushering them to their seats. Of course, Jasper could have told me that from downstairs, but Alice had specifically asked him to come get me, so that I wouldn’t be parading down the bride’s decorated stairway in full view of the guests. I walked outside through the kitchen door, telling Carlisle that I’d be waiting out back. He and Esme were standing by the front door to greet everyone as they arrived. This was the most important day of my life, but I hoped to have infinitely more wonderful days to enjoy with my Bella. I felt exceedingly fortunate that she wanted me as I wanted her. I could have lost her so easily. I heard the Denali clan arrive and recognized Tanya’s mental voice: Where’s Edward? It will be good to see that man again†¦mmm hmm! Who is this human girl? I can’t imagine Edward with a woman, not even a vampire woman. This will be interesting†¦ I smiled, glad to be escaping Tanya’s clutches for good. She’d given me a hard time when we were living in Alaska. She wasn’t used to being told â€Å"no thank you.† Neither vampires nor humans ever turned down Tanya’s advances. She was beautiful and charming, everything a man could want. She just wasn’t for me and she never could accept that. It was one of the reasons Carlisle decided to move our family farther south. He told everyone that we were too conspicuous and perhaps we were, all there together, but I’d had the chance to hear another reason in his mind—that Tanya can’t leave Edward alone. My father empathized when Tanya had set her sights on me. Carlisle had had plenty of pushy admirers. During his first few weeks at a new hospital, nurses would line up three deep to ogle him. He had to temper that initial interest by telling some number of them that he was happily married, thank you. Of course, he wore a wedding ring, but that didn’t discourage everyone. Once people met Esme, though, they usually stopped chasing Carlisle. She was simply too beautiful, inside and out, to compete with. I know Esme had always worried that I wasn’t fully mature as a man when Carlisle had changed me and that I might never find, or even wish for, a mate. It was true that I wasn’t interested in any of the Denali ladies. And after the trouble I’d had with Rosalie when she joined our family, I didn’t expect anything good could come of such interest anyway. When the Denalis met the only bachelor vampire they’d seen in years, each of them had set about seeking my affection. I didn’t blame them, particularly. Perhaps they’d gotten tired of human men and wanted someone more durable to partner with for a change. I could understand that to a certain degree. I didn’t go inside to greet the Denalis or any of the other arrivals. I couldn’t focus on anyone but Bella—it seemed like such a long time since I’d seen her. I was trying to reason myself out of an irrational fear that she wasn’t really there in our house, that she had changed her mind and would leave me standing alone at the altar. If I listened, I could hear her voice now and then, but I couldn’t hear her thoughts and that had never bothered me so much as it did at that moment. To distract myself, I listened at random to our guests’ thoughts and found that everyone was astonished by the decorations. Alice had put her all into planning this wedding and it showed. The flowers alone were beyond imagining. Exquisitely fragrant arrangements covered every surface of our living room and the reception area outside. Alice was particularly fond of flowers. I thought perhaps it was because she’d been deprived of beauty for so many years at the asylum. Whatever the reason, it was a boon for us all. Rosalie had started playing my grand piano, making the one instrument sound like several. I knew that Pachelbel’s Can on in D was my cue to enter the living room with Carlisle and stand in front of the flower-covered archway. He would come looking for me in the kitchen when the time came, so I walked back into the house. In due course, Carlisle came to retrieve me and after a final, heartfelt hug, we took our assigned places in front of the assembled crowd. I stood, frozen with emotion, and watched anxiously for my beloved to appear at the top of the stairs on her father’s arm. I had waited a lifetime to stand in front of these witnesses and declare my undying devotion to the one and only woman I would ever love. Time had stopped making sense when I finally heard the familiar C-F-F-F notes of â€Å"Here Comes the Bride.† I could not believe my eyes when an angel from heaven began to descend the stairs, one by one, her eyes lowered to watch her feet. It was only when I heard her whisper â€Å"Don’t let me fall, Dad,† that I knew for sure it was Bella†¦my Bella. I fretted for a second that my angel might fall and I readied myself to dash across the room to catch her. Seeing the groom disappear and reappear somewhere else would not go over well with anybody, though I reasoned that all of the guests would be looking at Bella, not at me. Still, perhaps we should have served champagne before the ceremony, just in case something like that did happen†¦but then, Bella was descending the final step. She lifted her face, searching for me. When our eyes finally met, a look of such utter joy crossed her face that I broke into an ecstatic smile. Bella’s feelings often were written on her face, but today her expression was utterly transparent. The adoration in her eyes was unmistakable and I was jubilant enough to break out in song†¦almost. Our eyes remained glued to each other while Bella carefully traversed the fifteen-foot aisle that Alice had kept short to give Bella a fair chance of remaining upright. With the way she looked in that dress, with that makeup, with everything†¦the glow, the scarlet blush, the prisms of tears in her eyes†¦I wanted to rush down the aisle to meet her and carry her back to the altar. But I remained patient, stretching out my palm so that Charlie could place Bella’s hand in mine. He regarded me seriously as he did so and I nodded my thank you to him for his great sacrifice. Charlie seated himself beside Renee, with Phil on her other side, and Bella and I turned to face the minister. I loved the traditional wedding ceremony with its promises and pronouncements, but on this occasion, each word resonated with newly unveiled meaning. When I declared â€Å"I do† to my beloved, I’d never been happier in my life. I wanted to repeat the words in every language I knew. My lovely new wife was overcome with emotion. When I leaned over to kiss her for the first time as her husband, Bella’s arms encircled my neck and she held on a s if she would never let me go. The audience had disappeared—she only had eyes for me. I kissed her with a swell of love and tenderness that made my eyes burn with the tears that didn’t come, and she met my passion with her own. Emotion poured from her as she clung to me, melding her lips with mine as if we were utterly alone in that moment. I did not mind in the least. Bella was happy to be married to me—I could feel it in my bones. When the guests began to titter, I eased my love’s face gently away from mine and looked into her tear-filled eyes. I felt my happiness radiate from me like the heat of a coal fire and I wondered briefly if my skin was sparkling in its glow. When Emmett cleared his throat unsubtly, I turned us both to face the loved ones who had gathered there and everyone broke into smiles and quiet laughter. I could not let go of Bella for a second. I wrapped my arm around her waist and practically carried her down the aisle when she forgot to move her feet. Fortunately, they were hidden by the length of her dress. Another detail that Alice had not overlooked. Bella was so stunningly beautiful that I wasn’t surprised to hear a number of inappropriate thoughts as the reception line shuffled slowly past us and on to the buffet. Alice had timed things well, so that the vampires would not have to step outside until twilight, just in case the sun came out. It was good that she did, because we had a beautiful wedding day with plenty of sunshine filtering through the ancient cedars. I was extraordinarily pleased that Billy Black and Sue and Seth Clearwater had come to the wedding. Despite the Cullens’ official status as â€Å"mortal enemies† of their tribe, the three of them were there in support of Bella and Charlie, and perhaps as a gesture of gratitude to Carlisle as well. Seth was there for me, too. Our friendship had not faded since we’d joined forces to battle Victoria and Riley. â€Å"Congrats, guys,† Seth said, coming toward me with his arms out. I hugged him with one arm while I held Bella tightly with the other. â€Å"It’s good to see things work out for you, man. I’m happy for you.† â€Å"Thank you, Seth. That means a lot to me.† Releasing Seth, I faced Billy and Sue with honest gratitude. I knew they were not there for me. â€Å"Thank you, as well. For letting Seth come. For supporting Bella today.† â€Å"You’re welcome,† Billy replied cordially and I hoped his attitude boded well for the change that was coming. I didn’t know how I was going to approach the Quileute wolf pack about Bella’s upcoming transformation. It was possible that if we left the area to avoid their ancient vendetta, that Jacob still would come to hunt us down. He had no motivation to let me change Bella, but I hoped that he and all the wolves would agree to the one exception to our treaty. Billy wasn’t giving anything away with his thoughts, but Sue’s mind was full of concern about being in a house with so many vampires. As the receiving line moved along, the only slightly awkward moment was introducing Tanya to Bella. â€Å"Ah, Edward, I’ve missed you,† Tanya said, pulling herself close to me in an intimate embrace. She lingered a bit too long in my one-armed hug—on purpose. I chuckled at her audacity as I employed one of Carlisle’s tricks for dealing with forward women†¦to press her shoulder away as if to admire the full length of her. â€Å"It’s been too long, Tanya. You look well.† Though Bella would never believe it, her beauty outshone Tanya’s many t imes over in my eyes. â€Å"So do you,† Tanya replied, a familiar note of longing in her voice. With a great swelling of pride, I interjected, â€Å"Let me introduce you to my wife.† Kate and Carmen giggled at the emphasis. My joy at using that word for the first time sang in my words. â€Å"Tanya, this is my Bella.† Bella had been uncertain about inviting Tanya and her coven, but I’d convinced her that as extended family—orphans, to boot—they must be included. I also wanted Tanya there specifically to underscore the point that I was officially and permanently unavailable. â€Å"Welcome to the family, Bella,† Tanya responded appropriately, if not altogether enthusiastically. â€Å"We consider ourselves Carlisles extended family, and I am sorry about the, er, recent incident when we did not behave as such. We should have met you sooner. Can you forgive us?† â€Å"Of course. It’s so nice to meet you,† Bella replied, blushing. I noted the brief flare of excitement among my cousins at the rush of blood before each of them contained it. â€Å"The Cullens are all evened up in numbers now. Perhaps it will be our t urn next, eh, Kate?† Tanya grinned. Kate’s sarcastic sense of humor kicked in. â€Å"Keep the dream alive,† she said, rolling her eyes. â€Å"Welcome, Bella.† Kate took Bella’s hand and Carmen stepped up to add hers. â€Å"I’m Carmen, this is Eleazar. We’re all so very pleased to finally meet you.† â€Å"M-me, too,† Bella stuttered. I thought she was holding up well considering she was meeting my â€Å"relatives† for the first time. â€Å"We’ll get to know each other later. We’ll have eons of time for that!† Tanya remarked, laughing. I enjoyed performing the rituals of the wedding celebration. Alice had ordered a gorgeous, artfully decorated cake, its beauty being the only aspect of it I could truly appreciate. I did not relish swallowing the chunky blob Bella pushed toward my face, but that could not be avoided with such an attentive audience. Flashbulbs popped, capturing the uncomfortable moment for all time. Bella tossed her bouquet to Angela, who blushed puce and carefully avoided the eyes of her escort, Ben, which are six inches lower than her own. When it came time to lift Bella’s skirt and remove her garter with my teeth, she blushed hotly while Jasper and Emmett guffawed at her embarrassment. I wasn’t allowed to venture too far up her dress, since she slid the garter below her knee before I got the chance. Still, it was a fun moment, biting the elastic band and dragging it slowly down her calf. After detaching it from her leg, I stretched the elastic into a slingshot, aiming for Mike Newton’s head. The garter snapped him in the forehead and his mouth dropped open.