Secrets and the Scarlet Letter

â€Å"A secret between two is God's secret, between three is all men’s. †-Spanish Proverb. Secrets are not meant for being told. Usually everyone is supposed to take secrets â€Å"to their grave. † In certain circumstances, they must be told. Even though you’re thwarting your own honor by telling a secret, sometimes it must be done. In most cases, secrets should be kept, but in The Scarlet Letter, there are some that need to be told. There's nothing more powerful than finding someone safe to tell â€Å"the secret† to. No one knows how hard it is, unless they've been there. Your heart pounds, your body is rock rigid, you grind your teeth, your mouth is dry. You think of all the excuses to keep your mouth shut. They'll get mad. They'll laugh. They'll reject you. They'll treat it like it was nothing and tell you to forget about it. Or worse: they'll be polite, nod their head like they understand, leave and not ever have anything to do with you again. Even then, the depth of doubt, self-hate, fear and insecurity is so strong, that even after you tell even to someone who's been through it too you leave and wonder, did I say too much? Did I do the right thing? Will they hate me? Only experience lets you know your trust wasn't for nothing. In the Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth, and Arthur Dimmesdale all have secrets. They will do whatever they can to keep their secrets a secret. Except for Hester, whose secret has been made public by her wearing the scarlet letter A. Arthur Dimmesdale’s secret is the most lethal. He is keeping his secret to protect his reputation even though it’s eating away at him and keeping him from what he wants most; Hester. For example, in chapter 17 page 182, we are told that Dimmesdale’s secret has taken hold of his life and made him a miserable man. â€Å"There is no substance in it! It is cold and dead, and can do nothing for me! Of penance I have had enough! Of penitence there has been none! Else, I should long ago have thrown off these garments of mock holiness, and have shown myself to mankind as they will see me at the judgment-seat. Happy are you, Hester, that wear the scarlet letter openly upon your bosom! Mine burns in secret! Thou little knowest what a relief it is, after the torment of a seven years' cheat, to look into an eye that recognizes me for what I am! † Dimmesdale’s secret should be told because then he won’t feel so guilty and his shame and hypocrisy will not eat him alive. It also isn’t fair to Pearl that she has no father and won’t be able to have one because of Dimmesdale’s secret. She has no knowledge of him being her father because of what he had to do to protect his name. Girls should have a father figure in their lives, Pearl never had that opportunity. Roger Chillingworth also exhibits secrecy. He’s keeping his identity a secret because he wants to find out who Hester’s acquaintance was and he also wants to protect his high reputation as well. It isn’t right for him to keep his identity a secret because it’s putting other people in harm’s way which is a circumstance when secrets need to be told. The torture he’s doing to Dimmesdale isn’t dignified and un-puritan like. In chapter 14, Chillingworth says â€Å"I have left thee to the scarlet letter, if that have not avenged me I can do more! † This quote says that Chillingworth is willing to do more to Dimmesdale and make him suffer more which is making Chillingworth’s secret deeper because the more he does that Hester knows about, the more guilt she feels about keeping his identity a secret from Dimmesdale. His secret should be told because it goes against moral values of the puritans. In some cases, secrets shouldn’t be told. Those who keep a secret keep themselves moral. Keeping a secret and respecting the secrets of others, as opposed to prying into them, is a virtue of self discipline and sensitivity. The heart can be seen as a safe for keeping secrets. Intelligence is the lock, and will power is the key. Keeping secrets is important for your dignity, pride, and personal gain. In response to The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne is the only one who knows the secrets that Dimmesdale and Chillingworth are hiding from the townsfolk. Hester has to control her desire to tell the truth and practices the art of deception to hide these secrets. When she will not reveal the father of Pearl, Reverend Dimmesdale says, â€Å"She will not speak. † It is ironic that the person who committed the sin with Hester is the one who announces publicly that she will not reveal the name of the other sinner. Later, Chillingworth wants to know who it is and he says, â€Å"Thou wilt not reveal his name? † Hester refuses and continues to hold her silence. Then, Chillingworth, still trying to find out the name of her lover, comments, â€Å". . . but Hester, the man lives who has wronged us both! Who is he? † When he says this, he is hinting that he is going to do something to Dimmesdale. This is why Hester makes Chillingworth promise not to kill her lover if he finds out his identity. Chillingworth deserves to know who slept with his wife, although Hester should not have had to tell him. I think that Dimmesdale should have admitted that he was Pearl's father. Today, if a priest admitted such a crime, he would probably be sent to jail. However, in the novel, had Dimmesdale confessed, the townsfolk would have liked him even more. Hester also has to live with, and conceal, the secret that Chillingworth is her husband. When he comes to visit her in jail he says, â€Å"Thou hast kept the secret of thy paramour. Keep, likewise, mine! There are none in this land that know me. Breathe not, to any soul, that thou didst ever call me husband. † Hester shows great strength of character by her ability to keep the secret identities of her lover and her husband. There must have been times when the temptation to reveal her secrets was overwhelming, but she managed to do so. There are times when secrets must stay secrets and times when they should be told. The Scarlet Letter is an allegory for secrets. Chillingworth and Dimmesdale’s secrets should be told because they’re doing things for the wrong reasons and hurting either themselves or those around them. It was right for Hester to keep secrets throughout the book because she was looking out for herself, Pearl, and Dimmesdale and would do anything to make sure they weren’t in harm’s way of Chillingworth’s wrath. When it comes to secrets, to each their own. With different situations comes different ways to handle the condition and decide whether or not a secret should be held in or expressed for the world to hear. In most cases, secrets should be kept, but in The Scarlet Letter, there are some that need to be told.

The Patriot Movie

The Patriot Movie The Patriot movie has been a great movie. All the scenes were incredible and others were devastating. Having to watch this history movie has become one of my favorite movies with the scenes that I have chosen. My first scene I chose was actually a very sad part of the movie. It was when Benjamins 2nd oldest son was shot by one of the British cruel leaders. He was killed because he was trying to free his oldest son Gabriel and was shot instead. After that, Benjamin became upset because the British leader ended up ordering to kill the wounded American’s and burned his house down.He got his sons, the guns and went after them to get his oldest son. They ended up killing all the soldiers and made sure they all died and ended up freeing his son from getting executed. The reaction I got from this part of the movie was very shocking that they would kill a kid and burn down a whole house. It’s also shocking that they were allowed to do all that. What I liked ab out it though was that he went after his son and did not care about what he had to do, he just had to decide it and go after it. The second scene I chose was when Gabriel went to the church and tried to ask for people to join.At the church the pastor asked for him to leave and was trying to make him leave but he wouldn’t. Anne, his future wife ends up helping him and convinces everyone to let him talk and started talking about how everyone is always talking about helping, independence and freedom. That they should act upon what they believe and help. After all that I like that he asked her father if he can write to her while he is at war. My reaction to this was very interesting how she defended him and actually helped him get the people’s attention.How she spoke up to everyone and just what was her opinion and what she thought was right. I just felt it was right and that she used her freedom of speech and spoke up The third scene I have chosen was when Benjamin tricke d the soldiers and took his back by talking to the British commander. Tavington got very angry and found out about 7 soldiers homes and went after Benjamins family. His family ended up noticing and hid, some of the American soldiers showed up and took his family while others fought the rest of the British soldiers.By this time I was really interested in this part and was glad that they ended up hiding. I was shocked most of the movie but this part was another main one. It was shocking when I was expecting them to catch one of his younger sons under the table. The fourth scene would be when Gabriel’s wife goes home after their marriage and shows up to the British soldiers gathering her whole village in a temple. The soldiers locked them in and burned it. Later on Gabriel went and found everything and could not find his wife so he went after Tavington and ended up getting killed by him.I felt so sad when this happened. I was very confident at first, happy that Tavington was get ting killed until he turned around and stabbed Gabriel. A Very disappointing feeling and shocked once more. The last and fifth scene was when they were all fighting against each other. And most of his close soldiers were dieing and when he found Tavington they got into a big fight. Tavington almost killed Benjamin, but Benjamin ended up switching it around. I knew it was going to end in a positive way but at that moment I was just curious of what else could of happened.I didn’t think that Benjamin was going to get out of that death and it shocked me the most. Very shocking movie. My reaction to this whole movie was a lot of twisted feelings. It was a very sad, shocking movie and I couldn’t really predict on what would happen next. It has to be one of my favorite war movies and I’m glad I watched it. I would definitely recommend it to someone who was in a history class to watch it. I’m glad it ended in a good note and was just surprised in all the twisted things it had and was just disappointed on who did not make it to the end. A good movie, with a good end.

Being A Good Manager Because Of People Skills Management Essay

Being A Good Manager Because Of People Skills Management Essay Being a good manager has less to do with knowledge of a companys main field of activity and more with displaying a range of so-called â€Å"people skills†. While this detail is common knowledge in todays business world, what exactly are the main skills in a managers arsenal remains a rather grey area. This situation stems from the fact that considering the management needs in the 21st century, the field of management as a whole has become increasingly divided and fragmented. If not long ago management was split into clear areas (such as HR management, financial management, operational management and others), today specific management positions may require processes from multiple areas thus blurring the borders. Therefore, correctly identifying a manager’s toolkit of skills can prove to be a challenge in itself. The Professional Development Module attempts to settle this grey area using a study by the Association of Graduate Recruiters. This study conducted among a larg e number of employers tries to identify the main management skills considered to be in short supply in today’s market. The study names â€Å"commercial awareness† and â€Å"communication skills† as the very top shortages identified by employers. With each harnessing the attention of 60% of the respondents, they stand well ahead of the next identified shortages: â€Å"leadership†, â€Å"teamwork† and â€Å"problem-solving abilities†. â€Å"Conceptual ability†, â€Å"Subject knowledge and competence†, â€Å"Numeracy† and â€Å"Foreign languages† follow, but each being named by less than 20% of the respondents. â€Å"Good general education† is the last of the skills considered in this study. The results confirm the initial premise that the aforementioned â€Å"people skills† are considered much more relevant in the field of management, while at the same time being severely scarce. Thus, the Professional Development Module places emphasis on these skills, while aggregating them into more focused categories. The Module accurately describes the manager’s toolkit as containing: communication skills, presentation skills, negotiation skills, and cross-cultural awareness, networking skills, team skills as well as conflict management skills. Having a head start given by an accurate identification of the market’s needs, the Professional Development Module proceeds to train these skills in an effective manner. It is notable that the module is divided into sections covering each of the identified skill categories. Each of these sections takes the time to properly define its area of emphasis, underlining its relevance and importance within the toolkit before proceeding to develop the subject and use real-life examples and exercises to help develop the skill. Facilitation is certainly one of the most important skills in the set described above. Sometimes presented as mediation or negotiation, in fact facilitation is a broader term that describes the activity of creating the proper environment so that participants in a meeting or discussion can reach a satisfactory agreement. The Professional Development Module segment dedicated to facilitation does a great job at describing the issues that fall under a facilitator’s jurisdiction. While meetings are part of any core process of any corporate activity, they can also be the very Achilles’s heels of the process they are used in. Since meetings bring together different people with different goals, different hopes, different expectations, different personalities and different view of the world altogether, conflicts appear very easily. Conflicts can result in disagreement, aggression or frustration, which lead the meeting away from its intended purpose and alienate the participants. While conflicts are the most common choke point in a meeting, there are many other pitfalls that can turn a meeting into a counterproductive activity. Having an individual or small group dominate the discussion is one such pitfall just as letting an otherwise productive discussion fall into running around in circles when conclusions are called for.

Should Accounting Rules be Global Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should Accounting Rules be Global - Essay Example The multinational companies have been required following the systems and accounting standards followed in the various economies of their operation for the preparation and reporting of financial statements. The companies have also faced difficulties in explaining their financial position to the investors due to the difference in the accounting systems in different countries that reflects various financial situations of the business (Basu, 1997). A globalized accounting system requires the establishment of harmonious accounting standards such as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) that can help the users of accounting information to apply the same rule during preparation and interpretation of the accounting information. Various companies have gradually engaged in the establishment of "accounting standards that can be applied in more than one country" (Heidhues & Patel, 2012, p. 39). Some of the factors that influence the accounting system of the economy could be broadly categorized under the country’s historical origin, socio-economic demands, culture, institutional environment and many non-accounting factors such as values and beliefs (Gaffikin, 2007). These factors are different for every country. Also, the accounting systems of the countries vary from one another. The recent cause of suggestion for establishment of uniform accounting standards has been the expansion of businesses into the international economies (Gaffikin, 2007, p. 3). Having uniform global accounting standards will help businesses to compete effectively and compare the performances of affiliate businesses across the globe using standard information. The variation of accounting standards has affected number of sectors of the economy that require harmonization of accounting standards to make them operate smoothly (Zimmerman & Werner, 2013, p. 117). The operation of capital markets is affected by accounting principles since

Costume designing for the media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Costume designing for the media - Essay Example Unlike other fashion and costume designers, in most instances those who work within the media industry are not able to work totally in isolation with their own ideas, they cannot just work within their own imagination. There will also be a requirement for the finished costumes produced to have paid regard to the input from a number of other department and individuals within the particular Film, TV and Theatre project. Film, Television and Theatre production companies and organisations consider costume design to be an integral and important part of the process of production. However, each of these individual media elements will impose a different approach and requirement upon the designer. However, as is the case with an actor's poor performance, costume design and construction that falls short of the standard and quality demanded will also have the affect of devaluing the final production. The hypothesis for this particular research to identify the specific issues that face costumer designers, both in the UK and the USA, when they are involved with design work for Film, Television and Stage. ... tume design, including what the term means, adding to definitions from a number of sources, including The Royal National Theatre (2006), the Designers guild factsheet (2006) and other articles (2006). Secondly, the paper will explain the intricate process of costume design with particular reference to the three entertainment medias outlined previously. This will cover the process from original drawings, (Huaixiang 2004), management and supervision of the designs, through to the making of the finished product. An integral part of this process contains a study of how the designer's work needs to interact with the original script, continuity issues relating to the actors make-up and hair styling, and the communication needed with all the other stakeholders attached to the project. A further element of this aim is to consider the ethical image the finished costumes should convey to the audiences. Our final aim is to study and identify the different issues and requirements demanded of the designer when working for the Stage and Theatre, as compared with those existing in the Film and Television mediums. Within all of these aims our purpose is also to identify this sector of the industry and its performance in the U.K. as well as the U.S.A. The specific objectives for the outcome of this paper can be identified in three distinct statements. 1) To provide a greater understanding of the intricate and varied processes of costume designing as it is performed within the entertainment mediums, as distinct from the general design industry 2) To identify the issues that impact upon costume designing in these industries, and show how the process itself forms an integrated part of the overall production package. 3) Analyse and explain the key differences that exist between

What is beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

What is beauty - Essay Example fixed in the subconscious memory of the person at the gene level as a result of human evolution. This implies that beautiful form, line, shape and color combination are practical solutions worked out by millions of years of natural selection. Can something be beautiful to one person but not to another?  David Hume said that: â€Å"Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them; and each mind perceives a different beauty. One person may even perceive deformity, where another is sensible of beauty; and every individual ought to acquiesce in his own sentiment, without pretending to regulate those of others†. (Hume. p.136) I consider that this thesis is the main concept of beauty. In my understanding of this question I relay on this thesis. So I can say â€Å"Yes†, one and the same thing can be beautiful to one person but not to another. Does a work of art have to be beautiful to be considered good art?  I consider that the art must be beautiful. Some pictures of modern artists can be called art but not all the people find them beautiful. Here be back to the main concept of beauty saying that one and the same thing can be interpreted in different ways by different people. The understanding of beautifulness of the art can vary depending on the persons’ perception. It also depends on a cultural belonging of a person that is what we call authentic art of different cultures. So, as an inference I can say that art is a very versatile concept which cannot be enclosed in one thing as a beauty-gauge. Is beauty just a physical thing? Who or what decides what the standers of beauty are? Scientists have found that from the microcosm to the cosmos, everything exists in harmony due to the law called the "divine proportion". If there is a subjective idea of ​​beauty, a masterpiece of music, painting or poetry, everything meets this criterion. It could be derived geometrically from a right triangle and his unit

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 10

Marketing - Essay Example The product lines that are considered are â€Å"Voice Recognition Device.† (Voice recognition device, 2005). Through the use of voice recognition, it is possible to direct and control computer applications without having to use one’s hands to do the job. This is widely used by managers, artists, students, parents, home and office usage etc. â€Å"The firm we now work for is currently developing a new type of voice recognition device (VRD) with advanced capabilities for controlling computer applications using spoken commands. It was our job to move the product to the top of the market and earn profit for our firm by understanding the market, competitors and other trends in the external environment.† (The marketing game, 2009). The two constraining factors in this Marketing game are the Sales Budget that offers the scope for funding various activities that are needed for a game of this kind. Secondly, the marketplace needs to take the competitive moves taken by three competing firms in their bid to create value and revenue chains for their respective businesses. There are also aspects in terms of whether advertising expenditures are paying off and also whether this is influencing the final outcome of business. Another aspect that needs to be considered is, paying close attention to what the competitors are up to. â€Å"In a dynamic market it is rare that a manager can succeed without paying close attention to competitors and what they are doing, and without thinking through what they are likely to do.   Success in The Marketing Game! Is much more likely for those managers who take some time to think carefully about the competitive effects in the market.† (Otjen n.d.). There are only four makers of this VRD in the market. One is the product line which we are responsible for developing; that is, PAMAY and the competitors are Synnergy, Speak, you’re your voice. Synnergy is now in the number one position with 41% market share, You’re has 14% share

To what extent can the doctrine of the hypostatical union be traced Essay

To what extent can the doctrine of the hypostatical union be traced back to the teaching and spiritual practice of early Christian church - Essay Example Whereas it might be tempting to assert the fact that the early Christian movement was somehow uneducated or inadequate to discern key levels of philosophical inference, individuals at the forefront of developing Christian theology were oftentimes the most educated members of society of that particular era. Accordingly, rather than delving into a broad discussion of the misunderstandings and disagreements that existed within early Christian thought, this particular analysis will instead focus specifically on the issue of disagreement related to what is known as the hypostatic union which was understood to have been exhibited within the person of Christ as he lived on earth. In simple terms, the hypostatic union denotes the fact that Christ exhibited both a divine and godly nature alongside a human one. Although this is excepted prima fascia among almost all believers of the Christian faith within the current world, it was a great deal of disagreement and argument that existed within t he early church as doctrines were formulated and theology based upon Christ’s nature was defined. In this way, the following analysis will seek to provide and historical overview and prospectus with regard to how these differing approaches ultimately came to be considered as Christian canon throughout the ages. Before delving directly into the issue of a definition of the hypostatic union, it is necessary to appreciate the fact that this particular term did not originate with early Christian doctrine and/or theology. Instead, hypostasis was originally coined by the stoicism movement within ancient Greece; as denoting being of two natures at the same time. As individuals within the Stoic movement sought to incorporate this concept within their daily lives, it was a relevant term that was known among educated individuals within the early Christian

A promotional plan to launch the new brand Assignment - 1

A promotional plan to launch the new brand - Assignment Example Human needs can only be satisfied by a product. Additionally, such products need to have a distinct identification. Such identification adequately distinguishes the new product from those that exist in the market. This identification creates a product brand. Additionally, besides branding, packaging and advertising contribute towards a brand name. For instance, Coca Cola is globally identifiable for its name and brand that uses red writings against white backgrounds. Brand naming may be used as a strategy in successful business. Therefore, a brand name can only be launched after thinking of the long term effects of the name on the consumers. Once established, changing of brands may incur huge expenses. A brand of a product serves both the buyer and seller since it helps the consumers to differentiate the products form other varieties. Sharp, effective, memorable and distinguishable branding helps in ensuring customer loyalty. Consumers are believed to use a product repeatedly only wh en they are fully satisfied by the product (Haig 2005, pg. 65). For new products in the market, branding involves various terminologies that are distantly distinctive. These terms include trademark, brand, brand mark and the brand name. According to (Haig, 2005) a brand can be a format, design, term, symbol, name or a combination of these elements. Mainly, a brand needs to distinguish the manufacturer and distributors of the product from those that exist in the market. Alternatively, a brand name refers to the pronounceable brand identity of the product. A good brand name may contribute towards product popularity. Often, a brand name needs to be patented to hinder replication and imitations. On the other hand, a brand mark needs to identify its products using a distinguishable symbol. In most cases, consumers identify the manufacturer of a product using the symbol. For instance, other products manufactured by Coca Cola can be

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Journal - Assignment Example In the same article, the Los Angeles Times describes the action as seemingly a part of a series of disturbing behavior from the military stationed at Afghanistan, continuing to enumerate alarming acts of violence committed by military personnel against people in the middle-eastern country. Before he became US president in 2009, one of the promises Obama made was to pull out the troops in Afghanistan. I strongly believe this promise was one of the reasons Americans voted for him. America had already lost so many men and women to the fighting in Afghanistan and Iraq before Obama entered the presidential race. The people wanted their fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, husbands, wives, sons and daughters safe back home. It was therefore disappointing that after 3 years, that particular promise has yet to be fulfilled. There is no excuse for the misbehavior American troops are showing in Afghanistan. Nevertheless, for someone who is in a situation where getting to wake up each day is a gift, it is only a matter of time before the stress gets the best of an individual. If President Obama does not want a repeat or similar incidents like these to happen, he should start making good on his promise to bring the troops in Afghanistan back

A Happy University Essay Example for Free

A Happy University Essay A happy university is enjoyable and interesting place to study. Students feel that they belong to a community and are offered supports from the Student Assistance Center of the university. The university is well-designed and there are many good facilities. A happy campus also has many interesting and exciting places for recreation. Students in happy campus have good behavior. Although they come from different background, they are able to respect each other and share ideas. They also help other students to overcome issues about study or life. Especially freshmen who have just started their term at the university, they are taught life skills and get assistances from the Student Assistance Center to be familiar with new life and environment. In addition there are many opportunities for students to take part in community or social events, and do part-time jobs to earn money to buy books or equipment for study. Good facilities is one of the factors that cannot be missing in a happy campus. There are areas for study and a library with internet connection and an enormous amount of books that are always revised. It also has large lecture rooms, laboratories, a medical center. These laboratories are designed specifically base on different specialties. In addition, there is a big smart parking basement that helps students to easily and quickly keep or take their bikes or cars. Moreover, the university has high standard of teaching with modern resources and equipment. Students is easy to move around the campus because the footpaths and connecting bridges are well-organized. After spending long period of time for study or research, students cannot avoid suffering from fatigue or mental illnesses such as tiredness, depression, insomnia. Therefore they need to refresh their soul or stay mentally healthy. So many places for recreation are built up because of that purpose. There are many green fields such as parks, gardens, small hills on the bank of rivers and sporting fields such as football grounds, swimming pools, basketball courts, golf courses, F1 circuits. Students can spend their free time in these areas or in fitness center, spas or yoga. Besides sports or exercises, they can also take part in extracurricular activities depend on their hobbies such as singing, dancing, drawing or writing for the university newspaper. On weekends, they can gather at a nightclub that has performances of famous DJs and singers such as Tiesto, David Guetta, Justin Timberlake, Rihanna. However, the nightclub is only celebrated on special event. Additionally,  students can join groups which organize debates, meetings and holiday trips. Finally, in memory of people who have studied at a happy university that are unforgettable days and experiences. They are also proud of being students of a happy university.

Effective and Ineffective Forms of Feedback Essay Example for Free

Effective and Ineffective Forms of Feedback Essay The purpose of providing feedbacks, especially within the academic landscape, is to help learners improve their learning styles and overall character as a means of facilitating learning through the implementation of evaluation or assessment. (Hernandez, 2005) The feedback is drawn from the process of assessing the learning styles and behaviors, as well as the results or outcomes of learning in order to determine what changes are needed to be done in order to improve the teaching-learning process and increase the rate of learning and application of obtained knowledge, skills, and competencies. (â€Å"Testing and Assessment,† 2008) However, although feedbacks are structured in order to harness positive results and outcomes, the undesirable nature of feedbacks might be ineffective in motivating enviable and expected changes in learners. There are two kinds of feedback – the constructive and destructive types of feedback. The constructive types of feedback are those that fuel or motivate desirable changes whether on the part of the learner or the professor or the teacher. Constructive or effective types of feedback are those that realize the purpose of feedback and assessment, and that is to improve the learning process. These kinds of feedback should be motivating and inspiring, and not disheartening or threatening. They could be in the form of encouraging words that are kind but honest at the same time. Moreover, they should be balanced and rational, eliminating bias or any other subjective thoughts regarding the assessment. For instance, effective feedback constitute both the positive and negative results of assessments, and the amplification of excellent skills and characters, and the reiteration of the need to make some changes in order to improve or eliminate negative results of the assessment. (â€Å"Feedback Principles,† 2006) Other forms of feedback that are constructive or effective are best facilitated through a dialogue or two-way communication. In this way, there is a polite and respectful exchange of questions or ideas from which the conclusions are determined for the changes that the learner should be overcoming. Establishing a non-hostile dialogue between the teacher and the learner not only allows two-way communication, but also helps in establishing desirable relationships that might be beneficial in eliminating tensions that might interfere with one’s motivations in learning. (â€Å"Ideas on Teaching,† 2008) Ineffective forms of feedback, on the other hand, are harsh or hostile ones which do not encourage or motivate learners to improve their learning styles, behaviors, and points of view. For instance, the inclusion of the grades or ratings in providing feedback may not be the best idea since it creates stress and pressure on the part of the learners that may not contribute to their development of their learning styles and behaviors. In addition, feedback should not be provided through tangible objects such as rewards for good feedback or punishments for bad feedbacks since improvements or developments may not arise from their innate desires to enrich their knowledge and skills but to receive rewards and avoid punishments. (Hernandez, 2005) Overall, the difference between effective and ineffective feedbacks lies on the results or outcomes on the learning styles and behaviors of learners. Effective feedbacks are those that are delivered honestly, directly, and thoughtfully considering logic and rationality and as well as motivations as part of the learners’ emotions. On the other hand, ineffective feedback are those that hinder improvements or developments as they discourage learners to make changes due to the stress and pressure that they feel from undesirable forms of feedbacks. Due to the importance of feedback in facilitating learning, academic institutions should look into the possibilities of improving the assessment and feedback processes in order to ensure that the results or outcomes of these processes will lead to the enhancement of learning and the application of these knowledge and skills. References â€Å"Feedback Principles. † (2006). Retrieved December 13, 2008, from The National Reform School Faculty. Website: http://www. nsrfharmony. org/protocol/doc/feedback_principles. pdf Hernandez, A. (2005). Formative Assessment and Feedback. Retrieved December 13, 2008, from The Encyclopedia of Educational Technology. Website: http://coe. sdsu. edu/eet/articles/formeval/index. htm â€Å"Ideas on Teaching. † (1999). Retrieved December 13, 2008, from University of Oklahoma. Website: http://www. ou. edu/pii/tips/ideas/feedback2. html â€Å"Testing and Assessment. † (2008). Retrieved December 13, 2008, from The Virginia Commonwealth University. Website: http://www. vcu. edu/cte/resources/tlc/4_3_role_of_assessment. htm

The Security Requirements And Challenges Of Manets Information Technology Essay

The Security Requirements And Challenges Of Manets Information Technology Essay The major security requirements of MANETs are secure linking, secure routing and secure data transmission or secure data packet forwarding. Both proactive and reactive approaches are needed. The disadvantages of the mobile design, like: limited cpu, memory and battery, may let MANETs face more security chanllegnes, which include both active and passive attacks, the problems of dynamic topology, routing protocol and mobile environment, specially the packets missing, data changed and node failures will make users lose trust of it, most of the secure routing protocols are designed with certain known attacks in mind. When an unknown attack is encountered, these protocols may collapse, but achieving higher security usually requires more computation on each mobile node. 2. Explain  ¿Ã‚ ½-TESLA and compare it with TESLA? TESLA means Time Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication,  ¿Ã‚ ½-TESLA is a micro version of TESLA, or we can consider it as an adoption of TESLA for WSNs. Althugh TESLA and  ¿Ã‚ ½-TESLA are multicast stream authenticaiton protocols, both have different ways in key discloure and authentication.  ¿Ã‚ ½-TESLA is used in authentication of message broadcasts from Base Station(BS), from nodes (through BS), and also to authenticate route update broadcasts. BS works as the key distribution center. ( Taken From Chapter 3, Course slides.) This means  ¿Ã‚ ½-TESLA allows the receivers broadcast authenticated data due to node to node key agreement. Receiver do not share a key with other receivers. But TESLA sender uses digital signature for the intial packet authenticaiton and broadcasts it over the whole WSN, the receiver knows the key disclosing schedule, when the key is disclosed, receiver will check its correctness and authenticates the buffered packets. 3. Gather information about the key Management protocols in MANETs. And explain it briefly. In MANETs, Key management is actually considered as the base for every cryptographic system, its a combination of cryptographic algorithms and on-demand dynamic routing protocols, because the networking security in many cases dependent on proper key management, the tranditional centralized approach in key management does not work out here, therefore, several methods are usually applied in the key management system in MANETs, such as: Secret Sharing Methods, Distributed CA Method, Error-code based methods and Byzantine Resilient Method. Even so, KM system still faces the many Challenges like: Dynamic topology and environment, Lack of trust, Node failures, Bounded computational and operational power, Connectivity problems and Node autonomity, etc because you dont know if any one entity is dishonest, that entity may be exposed. 4. Explain SEAD, SAR and SPAAR routing protocols in more details. SEAD is a secure table- driven routing protocol based on the existing DSDV(Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector) routing protocol. It uses a one-way-hash function and asymmetric cryptography operations. Although SEAD defends against several types of DoS ( Denial-of-Service attacks), it cannot prevent the wormhole attack.To avoid long time running routing loops and to defend against the replay attack, SEAD uses destination numbers to to ensure that the information originates from the correct node. Authentication is also used in SEAD. Each node uses a specific authentic element from its one-way hash chain in each routing update that it sends about itself. The source must be authenticated using some kind of broadcast authentication mechanism, such as: TESLA. Apart from the hash functions used, SEAD doesnt use average settling time for sending triggered updates.This disadvantage makes SEAD face the chanellege of clock synchronization in order to function properly. SAR stands for Security-Aware Ad Hoc Routing, which applied for on-demand secure routing protocols. When a packet is sent, it need be assigned a trust value and certain security attributes, like: time stamp, sequence number, authentication, integrity, SAR introduces a negociable metrics to discover secure routes that are embedded into RREQ packets. And this packet can be processed or forwarded only if the node can provide the required security. The problem of SAR is you dont know whether or not the value assigned is true and the invisible node attack can not detected and treated in SAR. SPAAR (Secure Position Aided Ad hoc Routing) is a position based system and uses the location information to increase the security and performance. All nodes in SPAAR are required to know their own locations, for eaxmple, GPS system tells you where you are. SPAAR is also designed to provide authentication, non-repudiation, confidentiality and integrity for the security environment. 5. Explain Secure Message Transmission Protocol ( SMT) in MANETs. The major job of SMT (Secure Message Transmission) protocol is to secure the data transmission or data forwarding on already discovered routes no matter whether or not these routes have malicious nodes. SMT protocol does not deal with route discovery. It only demands a secure relationship between the source and destination by allowing one node know the public key of the other node. No cryptographic operation is needed between the nodes because the communication is usually done over the node disjoint paths, every piece of message is authenticated and verified through a Message Authentication Code. The destination doesn ¿Ã‚ ½t need all the pieces of a message to understand it. It can reconstruct the message when enough pieces have been received. This implies that even if there are malicious nodes in a few paths that drop the message or if there are unavailable routes, the message can still be received. If the destination didn ¿Ã‚ ½t receive enough pieces to construct the message, the source will send out the remaining pieces over a different set of paths. Otherwise the source continues with the next message transmission. 6. Give numberical examples for EL Gamal-TC (4,6) and RSA-TC(4,6). An investigate whether Elliptic Curve Crypto(ECC) could be used for TC? Elliptic Curve Crypto(ECC) could be used for TC, I got this idea from the article ECC Based Threshold Cryptography for Secure Data Forwarding and Secure Key Exchange in MANET written by Levent Ertaul and Weimin Lu, 2005, The two authors say in this way: We combine Elliptic Curve Cryptography and Threshold Cryptosystem to securely deliver messages in n shares. As long as the destination receives at least k shares, it can recover the original message. We explore seven ECC mechanisms, El-Gamal, Massey-Omura, Diffie-Hellman, Menezes-Vanstone, Koyama-Maurer -Okamoto-Vanstone, Ertaul, and Demytko. For secure data forwarding, we consider both splitting plaintext before encryption, and splitting ciphertext after encryption. Also we suggest to exchange keys between a pair of mobile nodes using Elliptic Curve Cryptography Diffie-Hellman. We did performance comparison of ECC and RSA to show ECC is more efficient than RSA. 7. Hacking technique and counter Measures Please find the usage and the required counter measures to avoid effects of the below commands. This commands fall into a catergory called Discovering Wireless Networks. a. INSSIDER Actually inSSIDer is a replacement for NetStumbler, it is a free Wi-Fi network scanner for Windows Vista and windows XP, it can inspect your WLAN and surrounding networks to troubleshoot competing access points, it works with internal Wi-Fi radio, Wi-Fi network information, such as: SSID, MAC, Access point vendor, data rate, signal strength, security, etc. Graph signal strength over time, is also can show how Wifi networks overlap and provides an open source code service since the Apache License, Version 2.0, it also can support GPS and export to Netstumbler(*.ns1) files, because of the open source service, the intruders may take advantages of it to attack your personal information. The best way to avoid inssider command is to give it no permission to access WLAN. I consider IEEE802.1x and IEEE802.11i protocols should be applied, and the specific mechanisms, like: WEP, TKIP, CCMP, MIC, Counter-MOde-CBC-MAC Mode, WPA and WPA2 should be got involved. b. Visit following web site: http://renderlab.net/projects/WPA-tables And give me the brief desription of this site. After visiting this website, a Church of Wifi WPA-PSK Rainbow Tables displays, this page is to give a little more insight into the methodology and logic behind concieving and building the CoWF WPA-PSK Rainbow Tables, actually they are lookup tables. From my point of view, this website tries to show you the result of the project that is done at renderlab, this project is testing how much possibilities the password will be cracked. On WPA-tables, WPA-PSK was vulnerable to brute force attack, cryptographists use the tools like Aircrack and coWPAtty to take advantage of this weakness and provided a way to test keys against dictionaries. They found that in fact the cracking process is very slow . Each passphrase is hashed 4096 times with SHA-1 and 256 bits of the output is the resulting hash. This is then compared to the hash generated in the initial key exchange. A lot of computing power is required for this. If the SSID and the SSID length is seeded into the passphrase hash, the passphrase of password will be hashed differently on a network with the SSID of linksys than it will on a network with the SSID of default. For the War driving, attacking a series of access points to connect to a server behind it, each ones security was stronger than the previous. They also found the application of the Time-Memory trade-off is particularly useful in password cracking and cryptography. How to prevent it from attack? They think its impossible to create a lookup table for all possible keys. Because the seeding of the algorithm with the SSID and SSID length, they have to compute all possible keys against all possible SSIDs, the limlited storage space doesnt allow them to do calculation. Instead they quickly check WPA-PSK networks against known english words and known passwords quickly, while still leaving the option open for brute forcing the rest of the keyspace. Selecting the most effecient dictionary and SSIDs computed became the focus.Size was also a concern. Even if they want to break the password, they still do not want the key size beyond the storage capacity of most users. They list some common passwords from Websters dictionary and compute them by sorting all passphrases in the range 8 bits and 64 bits, both max and min passphrases are taken off. The result shows 52% of SSID are at Wigle database of 5 million access points and on the top 1000 lists. This means at least 2.7 million access points are known. This renderlab project found a way to speed up WPA-PSK cracking, but it does not mean that it has been broken. Those experts also use coWPAtty and other similar tools to test the other dumb passphrases. The test result shows the minimum number of characters for a WPA-PSK passphrase is 8 and the maximum is 63. In reality, very few users actually use more than about 20 characters, in most cases, people choose known words and phrases, likely to be in a dictionary. So, to get decent protection from WPA-PSK, you should use a very long, very random, alphanumeric string longer than 20 characters, or to protect yourself further, particularly against the WPA-PSK hashtables, you should use a SSID not on the top 1000 list because this will force the attacker to compute thier own list, rather than use one of the CoWF tables.

Free Native Son Essays: Naturalism and Determinism :: Native Son Essays

Naturalism and Determinism in Native Son "Today Bigger Thomas and that mob are strangers, yet they hate. They hate because they fear, and they fear because they feel that the deepest feelings of their lives are being assaulted and outraged. And they do not know why; they are powerless pawns in a blind play of social forces."   This passage epitomizes for Richard Wright, the most radical effects of criminal racial situation in America. However, perhaps the most important role of this passage is the way in which it embodies Wright's overall philosophy of Naturalism or Social Realism. The naturalist perspective in the passage is evident through the use of the most crucial features of Naturalism. The passage also echoes the most crucial features of Determinism. namely fear, hate and mob mentality. In a critical analysis of this passage there are many single phrases to dissect. One such phrase is, "They hate...." The hatred that is felt by the white mob is a product of their guilt. It is the guilt like that of Mr. Dalton that is so strong that he tries to "undo it in a manner as naà ¯ve as dropping a penny in a blind man's cup."   Wright further speaks of this guilt when Max states, "The Thomas family got poor and the Dalton family got rich. And Mr. Dalton, a decent man, tried to salve his feelings by giving money. But, my friend, gold was not enough! Corpses cannot be bribed! Say to yourself Mr. Dalton, 'I offered my daughter as a burnt sacrifice and it was not enough to push back into it's grave this thing that haunts me.'" This s tatement embodies the very core of social reality of the time, and in essence, Social Realism. "They fear...." What fear is Wright speaking of? Wright speaks of the fear that both the blacks and the whites feel. Bigger's fear and hate is a direct result of the way he sees society. Bigger sees in a garish light the failure of his society. He sees it's cultural and political ideals and promises, and he refuses to accept the compromises that most individuals make for simple self-preservation (as was in Bessie's case.) The white's fear is different. They fear loosing the power and control that they have over the blacks. The whites believe that if they correct the socioeconomic state of the black they will, in essence, be compromising their seat of power. Free Native Son Essays: Naturalism and Determinism :: Native Son Essays Naturalism and Determinism in Native Son "Today Bigger Thomas and that mob are strangers, yet they hate. They hate because they fear, and they fear because they feel that the deepest feelings of their lives are being assaulted and outraged. And they do not know why; they are powerless pawns in a blind play of social forces."   This passage epitomizes for Richard Wright, the most radical effects of criminal racial situation in America. However, perhaps the most important role of this passage is the way in which it embodies Wright's overall philosophy of Naturalism or Social Realism. The naturalist perspective in the passage is evident through the use of the most crucial features of Naturalism. The passage also echoes the most crucial features of Determinism. namely fear, hate and mob mentality. In a critical analysis of this passage there are many single phrases to dissect. One such phrase is, "They hate...." The hatred that is felt by the white mob is a product of their guilt. It is the guilt like that of Mr. Dalton that is so strong that he tries to "undo it in a manner as naà ¯ve as dropping a penny in a blind man's cup."   Wright further speaks of this guilt when Max states, "The Thomas family got poor and the Dalton family got rich. And Mr. Dalton, a decent man, tried to salve his feelings by giving money. But, my friend, gold was not enough! Corpses cannot be bribed! Say to yourself Mr. Dalton, 'I offered my daughter as a burnt sacrifice and it was not enough to push back into it's grave this thing that haunts me.'" This s tatement embodies the very core of social reality of the time, and in essence, Social Realism. "They fear...." What fear is Wright speaking of? Wright speaks of the fear that both the blacks and the whites feel. Bigger's fear and hate is a direct result of the way he sees society. Bigger sees in a garish light the failure of his society. He sees it's cultural and political ideals and promises, and he refuses to accept the compromises that most individuals make for simple self-preservation (as was in Bessie's case.) The white's fear is different. They fear loosing the power and control that they have over the blacks. The whites believe that if they correct the socioeconomic state of the black they will, in essence, be compromising their seat of power.

Poorly Written Essay :: essays research papers

Persuasive Essay â€Å"Poorly Written Communication†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poorly Written Communication 2 Thesis: After a poorly written memo caused hard feelings and loss of morale, the company decided to start writing courses, believing that the effectiveness of enhancing written communication skills within a work place is necessary for any successful business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"A case for clear writing† C. Petrini states, the ability to communicate written information in a clear, concise and accurate manner can provide significant benefits to employees and their companies. Poor communication within a work place can cause serious miscommunication, which in ways could cause loss of work time, due to doing the wrong job. Another problem that could dampen works productivity is hurt feelings. This alone could cripple a business by causing lack of productivity and lack of morale. If you ever plan to expand, your business and have a successful one, you need good writing skills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If our business continues to have a lack of writing ability, it could result in personnel quitting or total lack of respect in the end. There are many other areas in which this could affect our business but one, which would really be an eye opener, is a possible lawsuit. In the article â€Å" The you understood† P. Vassallo it says When writing we don’t have the luxury of using vocal intonations or body language to add to our meaning. If you call someone crazy in writing, you suggest either that person lacks sanity or that you lack judgment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A writing workshop would benefit our business in many ways. The first thing that comes to mind is higher morale, Since the workshop would teach us to write clear and concise papers, this could cause less confusion with the employees when reading bulletins published by management and a lot less hurt feelings. As stated in â€Å" Improving your technical writing† by R. Ramsey, the ability to write competently is a requirement for success in any field.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poorly Written Communication 3 Written communication should be treated as sales letters. I did my research and found A local college that offers a 20-hour class on professional writing and improving poor writing skills within a business. The college informed me that it offers offer two different classes one for higher management and one for all the other employees. The two courses are 20 hours in length and each can handle 25 students. After a closer look at what is being taught in the courses I have listed a few of the topics covered I feel that are important to

Money Supply and Inflation Essay -- Economy, Macroeconomics

Money Supply plays an important role in macroeconomic analysis, especially in selecting an appropriate monetary and fiscal policy. Considerably, I am yet to come across theoretical work that has been done on this topic (analysis money supply and its impact on other variable i.e. inflation, interest rate, real GDP and nominal GDP). However some other topics similar to this one have been done by AL-SHARKAS, Adel, where he uses the same technique and models on the topic ‘out put response to shocks to interest rate, inflation and stock returns. His work investigates the relationship between the Jordanian output and other macroeconomics variables such as inflation, interest rate and stock returns. His paper employs the VAR approach method of Lee (1992) to analyze the relation and dynamic interaction among variables. The IRF and the FEVD from the VAR model are computed in order to investigate interrelationships within the system. The empirical results indicate that Interest rate and inflation are weakly negatively correlated and real stock returns and inflation is very weakly positively correlated for all leads and lags are negatively associated. Furthermore, the response of output (IPG) to shocks in stock returns (R1) is strongly positive up to the first 6 periods and after which the effect almost dies. This indicates that the relationship between stocks returns (R1) and real activity (IPG) is positive and inflation has a negative impact on IPG (Adel A. Al-Sharkas 2004). MONEY SUPPLY GROWTH AND MACROECONOMIC CONVERGENCE IN ECOWAS by WEST AFRICAN MONETARY AGENCY (WAMA) is a writes up similar to this topic. Where the relationship between money supply major macroeconomic indicator where investigated for countries in West Africa includi... ...mploys the VAR approach method of Lee (1992) to analyze the relation and dynamic interaction among variables. The IRF and the FEVD from the VAR model are computed in order to investigate interrelationships between money supply shocks and inflation the system. the empirical relations based on the VAR test conducted for the period 1990 to 2009 show that, Money supply and inflation are weakly positively correlated, Money supply and interest rates are very weakly and negatively correlated, Money supply and real GDP are strongly positively correlated, Money supply and nominal GDP are very strongly negatively correlated. Furthermore, the response of inflation to shocks in money supply is very weakly positive or has no effect since it is constant through out. This indicates that the relationship between money supply and inflation is not too significant.

Punjabi Culture

Culture: The word culture  has many different meanings. For some it refers to an appreciation of good literature, music, art, and food  However, for anthropologists and other behavioral scientists,  culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns. The term was first used in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book,  Primitive Culture,  published in 1871. Tylor said that culture is â€Å"that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.    Of course, it is not limited to men. Women possess and create it as well. Since Tylor's time, the concept of culture has become the central focus of anthropology. Culture is a powerful human tool for survival, but it is a fragile phenomenon. It is constantly changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds. Our written languages, governments, buildings, and other man-made t hings are merely the products of culture. They are not culture in themselves. For this reason,  archeologist can not dig up culture directly in their excavations.The broken pots and other artifacts of ancient people that they uncover are only material remains that reflect cultural patterns they are things that were made and used through cultural knowledge and skills. Pakistani culture: Pakistan has a rich cultural diversity as the society is largely multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural. The Pakistani society comprises various diverse cultures and ethnic communities that majorly involve Punjabi, Sindhi, Baloch, Pashtun, Seraiki, Mohair, Kashmiri, Makrani, and the ancient Wakhi and Burusho groups in the north.These Pakistani cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures, such as the  Turkic people,  Persian, Arab and other   South Asian ethnic Asian group of the  Subcontinent,  Central Asia and the Middle East. Pakistan is in general linguistically heterogeneous, and no single language can be said to be common to the whole population. Each of its principal languages has a strong regional focus. The languages claimed as mother tongue include Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Seraiki, Kashmiri, Brahui, Hindko and Potohohari.Urdu is the national language and one of two official languages of Pakistan (the other being English). Although only about 8% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is spoken as a second and often third language by almost all citizens of Pakistan. Pakistan is a special interest destination as its main attraction includes adventure tourism in the Northern Areas, cultural and archaeological tourism as found at Taxila, Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Swat, and early Mughal and Muslim heritage of Multan, Lahore, Thatta and Peshawar.From the mighty Karakorams in the North to the vast alluvial delta of the Indus River in the South, Pakistan remains a land full of adventures and na tural beauties having peaceful general masses. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistan's provincial languages continuing the legacy. Poetry is a highly respected art in Pakistan. Since the independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the national language, poetry is mostly written in the Urdu as well as regional languages. The Urdu language has a rich tradition of poetry and Dr.Allama Muhammad Iqbal is regarded as the National Poet of Pakistan. Apart from Urdu poetry, Pakistani poetry also has blends of other regional languages. Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Seraiki, and Pashto poetry have all incorporated and influenced Pakistani poetry. The variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayeki to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as the synchronization of Qawwali and western music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan .In addition, Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well-known in the Indian Punjab. Folk dances are still popular in Pakistan and they vary according to region. The folk dances of Punjab are Bhangra, Luddi and Sammi, while Jhoomar is the folk dance of Seraiki region. Lewa and Chap are the most popular folk dances of Balochistan. The folk dances of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are Attan, Khattak dance and Chitrali dance. While Dhammal and Ho Jamalo are the popular folk dances mostly performed in Sindh. |Although Western-style clothing is worn in Pakistan, the national dress, shalwar-qameez, is more common in both rural and urban areas. Made of cotton, the shalwar-qameez differs for men and women. Men wear solid, plain colour, and add a coat for formal occasions. For women, the colours are brighter and patterns bolder, with more tailoring common. Women wear a dupatta (scarf) around their heads and sometimes another long scarf around their shoulde rs. Men only wear shorts for athletic events and women never do. A handshake is the most common greeting, although close friends may embrace if meeting after a long time.It is not appropriate for a man to shake hands with a woman. A title and last name are used when addressing someone. Visiting between friends and relatives is a very important social custom and occurs as often as possible. Hospitality is important and guests are made to feel welcome. In small groups, each person is greeted individually. Personal rapport is important. The family is the centre of social life and support. Although increased modernisation has brought many women into public life, the male continues to reign as head of the home.It is common for the extended family, a father and mother, their sons, and the son’s family to live together in the same household. The presiding male of the family has significant influence over the lives of all family members, although women are increasingly taking on acti ve decision making roles. The elderly are highly respected. Pakistani cuisine is as diverse as its people. Pakistani diet, whereas vegetables and beans are as important. The mainstay of the Pakistani diet is chapati or roti. Pakistani food is generally hot and spicy.Rice is part of most meals and desserts. Tea is the most popular drink. Meat plays a much more dominant role in Pakistani food, compared to other South Asian cuisines. Of all the meats, the most popular are mutton, and chicken. Beef is also eaten, and is particularly sought after as the meat of choice for Kabab dishes. Punjabi culture: Punjabi Culture  is the culture of the  Punjab region. It is one of the oldest in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi culture is the culture of the  Punjabi people  who are now distributed hroughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history. Due to the large number of Punjabi People distributed throughout the world, especially  Pakistan  and  India, many people are increasingly experiencing the culture and becoming influenced by it. Traditional Punjabi culture is being strengthened and expanded in the  Western world. the scope is huge, ranging from Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, architecture etc. People of different languages, cultures, customs and races came to Punjab for various reasons. These immigrants influenced and were influenced by Punjabi culture. Punjabi Literature Punjabi literature  refers to literary works written in the  Punjabi language  particularly by peoples from the historical  Punjab region. The Punjabi language is written in several different scripts, of which the  Shahmukhi, the  Gurmukhi  script s are the most commonly used.The early punjabi literature whereabouts can be seen in the sufi poetry of Fariduddin Ganjshakar. After which Punjabi Sufi poetry developed under  Shah Hussain  Sultan Bahu  ,Shah Sharaf, Ali Haider, Saleh muhammad safoori   and  Bulleh Shah  . In contrast to Persian poets, who had preferred the  ghazal  for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the  Kafi. Punjabi Poetry is renowned for its deep meaning, beautiful, exciting and hopeful use of words. The large number of Punjabi poetry works are being translated worldwide in many languages.The  Punjabi language  is also famous for its rich literature of  qisse, most of the which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man’s revolt against a larger system. In the Punjabi tradition, friendship, loyalty, love are given utmost importance and most of the stories in the  qisse  are based on such elements. Waris Shah's qissaà ‚  of ‘Heer Ranjha’ is among the most famous Qisse of all times which is one of the four popular tragic romances of Punjab. The other three are Mirza Sahiba,  Sassi Punnun  and  Sohni Mahiwal The most popular writer/poet to have writtenPunjabi Sufi  Qisse  was  Bulleh Shah. He is frequently quoted by young and old alike with same respect and on matters of both love and God. Punjabi Architecture Punjabi architecture is the feast for eyes. Punjab is bestowed with worth seeing architecture all around. The oldest examples of architecture sculpture and painting in the Punjab belong to the Harappa civilization. The breathtaking architecture include: * Badshahi Mosque is a famous landmark and a major tourist attraction. Badshai masjid was built by sixth mughal emperor Aurengzeb in 1671 and completed in 1673.It is the second largest masjid in Pakistan and fifth largest in the world. * Taxila  is a town and an important  archaeological  site in the  District of the  Punjab  province in  Pakistan. The site includes buildings, fortifications, settlements, showing architectural influence. * The  Wazir Khan Mosque  in  Lahore,  Pakistan, is famous for its extensive faience  tile work. It has been described as ‘a mole on the cheek of Lahore'. It was built in seven years, starting around 1634–1635 AD, during the reign of the  Mughal Emperor  Shah Jehan. Rohtas Fort  is a historical garrison fort built by king  Farid Khan, located near the city of Jhelum  in  Pakistan. This fort is about 4  km in circumference and the first example of the successful amalgamation of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the  Indian Subcontinent. * The  Khewra Salt Mine  is located in  Khewra, north of  Pind Dadan Khan, an administrative subdivision of  Jhelum District,  Punjab, Pakistan. It is Pakistan's largest and oldest salt mine  and the world's second largest. It is a major tourist attraction. Punjab a rts and craftPunjab has a rich tradition of arts and crafts. The richness of the land is reflected in its handicraft. The people of Punjab lay much importance on their artistry and the minute details of their work. The artistic creations of Punjab are acclaimed all over the world. The skilled and dexterous artisans of the state produce a variety of handicrafts and even the rural women have a major contribution in the production of these fascinating art works. Mud work Mud work is a famous rural practice in Punjab, prevalent from the ancient times.It is a trend in Punjab to mud-plaster the walls of the house and then, create motifs and designs on the mudded walls. Metal work Metalwork is also very popular in Punjab. Utensils made of metals are used in households, as also for religious purposes. Basketry work Thin straws of glass are used for basketry works, which is another Punjabi craft that is immensely popular. Mats, rugs, carpets, curtains and hand fans are woven using these stra ws. Embroidery Embroidery is another extensively followed work of art, known in the state by various local names.Phulkari, an intricate needle work, is extremely popular and is mainly taken up by village girls. Juttis of Punjab Punjabi juttis represent the traditional footwear of Punjab, which is known worldwide for its exquisite design and intricate pattern. Punjab festivals Punjab is well known for its festivals which include: Urs The fairs held at the shrines of  Sufi  saints are called  urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint.Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in The most important urs are: urs of Data  Ganj Buksh  at  Lahore, urs of Hazrat  Sultan Bahu  at  Jhang, urs of Hazrat  Shah Jewna  at  Jhang, urs of Hazrat  Mian Mir  at Lahore, urs of  Baba Farid  Ganj Shakar at  Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat  Bahaudin Zakria   at  Multan, urs of  Sakhi Sarwar Sultan  at  Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of  Shah Hussain  at Lahore, urs of Hazrat  Bulleh Shah  at  Kasur, urs of Hazrat  Imam Bari  (Bari Shah Latif) at  Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of  Shah Inayar Qadri  (the murrshad of  Bulleh Shah) in Lahore.A big fair/mela is organized at  Jandiala Sher Khan  in district  Sheikhupura  on the Mausoleum of Syed  Waris Shah  who is the most loved Sufi poet of Punjab due to his claasic work known as  Heer Ranjha. The shrine of  Heer Ranjha  in  Jhang  has been one of the most visited shrines in Punjabecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. Industrial and commercial fairs Exhibitions and Annual Horse Shows in all Districts and National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore are held with the official patronage.National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sp orts, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronizes agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the Province with its strong rural roots. Other festivals In addition to the religious festivals, Punjabis may celebrate seasonal and harvest festivals, which include  Lohri,  Basant,Baisakhi  and  Teej. Punjabi Cuisine:Punjabi cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field; so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large fortunes due to popularity of Punjabi cuisine throughout the world. †Sarso ka sag† and â€Å"Maki ki roti† are examples of well known dishes. Punjabi cuisine can be non-vegetarian or completely vegetarian. Home cooked and Punjabi cuisine can vary significantly, with restaurant style using large amount of ghee, clari fied butter, with home cooking concentrating on mainly upon preparations with whole wheat, rice and other ingredients flavored with masala.Within the Punjab region, there are different preferences. People in the area of Lahore prefer stuffed parathas and milk products. In fact, the area is well known for quality of its milk products. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic and ginger. Tandoori food is a Punjabi specialty for non-vegetarian dishes. Tandoor, Naan, Pakoras and vegetable dishes with paneer are also derived from Punjab. Punjabi Music: Bhangra is of the many Punjabi art forms that is increasingly being listened to in the west and is becoming a mainstream favorite.Punjabi music is being used by western musicians, in many ways, such as mixing it with other compositions to produce award-winning music. In addition, Punjabi Classical music is increasingly becoming popular in the west. Punjabi music has a diverse style of music, ranging from folk and Sufi to classical, notably the Patiala Gharana. Folk music of Punjab is the traditional music of Punjab produced using the traditional instruments like Tumbi, Algoze, Dhadd, Sarangi, Chimta and more. Sufi music includes the singing of Sufi poetry in several genres.Some of the poets whose compositions are often sung include Baba Farid, Bulleh Shah, Shah Husain, Waris Shah and Mian Muhammad Bakhsh. Classical music includes Patiala Gharana and Sham Chaurasia Gharana. Punjabi Dances: Owing to the long history of the Punjabi culture there is a large number of dances, normally performed at times of celebration, including harvests, festivals and wedding. The particular background of the dances can be non-religious and religious. The overall style can range from the high energy â€Å"Bhangra† men’s dance to the more reserved â€Å"Jhumar†, the â€Å"Gidha† women’s dance.Punjabi dances are an array of folk and religious dances of the Punjabi people indigenous to t he Punjabi religion, straddling the border of India and Pakistan. At times of celebration everyone is encouraged to dance. Married Punjabi couples usually dance together. The husband dances in the style of male Punjabi dances, frequently with arms raised and the wife dances in the style of female Punjabi dances. Common Punjabi Folk Dances for â€Å"Females†: * Sammi * Giddha * Jaago * Kikli * Luddi Common Punjabi Dances for â€Å"Males†: * Bhangra * Jhumar * Gatka * Jalli * Dhamal * Dankara Khatka (Sword Dance) Punjabi Clothes: Basically Punjabi dress is simple and easy to use. One can see a variety in the dresses. The people of Punjab wear according to their traditions. Different dresses are used in rural and urban areas. The Punjabi dresses fulfill the requirements of climate and religion. Turban or a cap is a part of Punjabi dress. The male members of the rural society wear Dhoti, Kurta and Turban. The female members like to wear Shalwar, Kurta and Dupatta both in rural and urban areas. Shalwar, shirt, coat and pant are used in the urban areas by the men. The â€Å"Western† dress has greatly influenced the urban areas.The dress is prepared to fulfill the requirements of â€Å"pardah†. Special dress is prepared f or the bride at the time of her marriage. Punjabi wedding Traditions: Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains may be conducted in Arabic, Punjabi, Sanskrit, by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or Priest, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times. Punjabi Culture Culture: The word culture  has many different meanings. For some it refers to an appreciation of good literature, music, art, and food  However, for anthropologists and other behavioral scientists,  culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns. The term was first used in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book,  Primitive Culture,  published in 1871. Tylor said that culture is â€Å"that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.    Of course, it is not limited to men. Women possess and create it as well. Since Tylor's time, the concept of culture has become the central focus of anthropology. Culture is a powerful human tool for survival, but it is a fragile phenomenon. It is constantly changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds. Our written languages, governments, buildings, and other man-made t hings are merely the products of culture. They are not culture in themselves. For this reason,  archeologist can not dig up culture directly in their excavations.The broken pots and other artifacts of ancient people that they uncover are only material remains that reflect cultural patterns they are things that were made and used through cultural knowledge and skills. Pakistani culture: Pakistan has a rich cultural diversity as the society is largely multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural. The Pakistani society comprises various diverse cultures and ethnic communities that majorly involve Punjabi, Sindhi, Baloch, Pashtun, Seraiki, Mohair, Kashmiri, Makrani, and the ancient Wakhi and Burusho groups in the north.These Pakistani cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures, such as the  Turkic people,  Persian, Arab and other   South Asian ethnic Asian group of the  Subcontinent,  Central Asia and the Middle East. Pakistan is in general linguistically heterogeneous, and no single language can be said to be common to the whole population. Each of its principal languages has a strong regional focus. The languages claimed as mother tongue include Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Seraiki, Kashmiri, Brahui, Hindko and Potohohari.Urdu is the national language and one of two official languages of Pakistan (the other being English). Although only about 8% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is spoken as a second and often third language by almost all citizens of Pakistan. Pakistan is a special interest destination as its main attraction includes adventure tourism in the Northern Areas, cultural and archaeological tourism as found at Taxila, Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Swat, and early Mughal and Muslim heritage of Multan, Lahore, Thatta and Peshawar.From the mighty Karakorams in the North to the vast alluvial delta of the Indus River in the South, Pakistan remains a land full of adventures and na tural beauties having peaceful general masses. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistan's provincial languages continuing the legacy. Poetry is a highly respected art in Pakistan. Since the independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the national language, poetry is mostly written in the Urdu as well as regional languages. The Urdu language has a rich tradition of poetry and Dr.Allama Muhammad Iqbal is regarded as the National Poet of Pakistan. Apart from Urdu poetry, Pakistani poetry also has blends of other regional languages. Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Seraiki, and Pashto poetry have all incorporated and influenced Pakistani poetry. The variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayeki to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as the synchronization of Qawwali and western music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan .In addition, Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well-known in the Indian Punjab. Folk dances are still popular in Pakistan and they vary according to region. The folk dances of Punjab are Bhangra, Luddi and Sammi, while Jhoomar is the folk dance of Seraiki region. Lewa and Chap are the most popular folk dances of Balochistan. The folk dances of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are Attan, Khattak dance and Chitrali dance. While Dhammal and Ho Jamalo are the popular folk dances mostly performed in Sindh. |Although Western-style clothing is worn in Pakistan, the national dress, shalwar-qameez, is more common in both rural and urban areas. Made of cotton, the shalwar-qameez differs for men and women. Men wear solid, plain colour, and add a coat for formal occasions. For women, the colours are brighter and patterns bolder, with more tailoring common. Women wear a dupatta (scarf) around their heads and sometimes another long scarf around their shoulde rs. Men only wear shorts for athletic events and women never do. A handshake is the most common greeting, although close friends may embrace if meeting after a long time.It is not appropriate for a man to shake hands with a woman. A title and last name are used when addressing someone. Visiting between friends and relatives is a very important social custom and occurs as often as possible. Hospitality is important and guests are made to feel welcome. In small groups, each person is greeted individually. Personal rapport is important. The family is the centre of social life and support. Although increased modernisation has brought many women into public life, the male continues to reign as head of the home.It is common for the extended family, a father and mother, their sons, and the son’s family to live together in the same household. The presiding male of the family has significant influence over the lives of all family members, although women are increasingly taking on acti ve decision making roles. The elderly are highly respected. Pakistani cuisine is as diverse as its people. Pakistani diet, whereas vegetables and beans are as important. The mainstay of the Pakistani diet is chapati or roti. Pakistani food is generally hot and spicy.Rice is part of most meals and desserts. Tea is the most popular drink. Meat plays a much more dominant role in Pakistani food, compared to other South Asian cuisines. Of all the meats, the most popular are mutton, and chicken. Beef is also eaten, and is particularly sought after as the meat of choice for Kabab dishes. Punjabi culture: Punjabi Culture  is the culture of the  Punjab region. It is one of the oldest in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi culture is the culture of the  Punjabi people  who are now distributed hroughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history. Due to the large number of Punjabi People distributed throughout the world, especially  Pakistan  and  India, many people are increasingly experiencing the culture and becoming influenced by it. Traditional Punjabi culture is being strengthened and expanded in the  Western world. the scope is huge, ranging from Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, architecture etc. People of different languages, cultures, customs and races came to Punjab for various reasons. These immigrants influenced and were influenced by Punjabi culture. Punjabi Literature Punjabi literature  refers to literary works written in the  Punjabi language  particularly by peoples from the historical  Punjab region. The Punjabi language is written in several different scripts, of which the  Shahmukhi, the  Gurmukhi  script s are the most commonly used.The early punjabi literature whereabouts can be seen in the sufi poetry of Fariduddin Ganjshakar. After which Punjabi Sufi poetry developed under  Shah Hussain  Sultan Bahu  ,Shah Sharaf, Ali Haider, Saleh muhammad safoori   and  Bulleh Shah  . In contrast to Persian poets, who had preferred the  ghazal  for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the  Kafi. Punjabi Poetry is renowned for its deep meaning, beautiful, exciting and hopeful use of words. The large number of Punjabi poetry works are being translated worldwide in many languages.The  Punjabi language  is also famous for its rich literature of  qisse, most of the which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man’s revolt against a larger system. In the Punjabi tradition, friendship, loyalty, love are given utmost importance and most of the stories in the  qisse  are based on such elements. Waris Shah's qissaà ‚  of ‘Heer Ranjha’ is among the most famous Qisse of all times which is one of the four popular tragic romances of Punjab. The other three are Mirza Sahiba,  Sassi Punnun  and  Sohni Mahiwal The most popular writer/poet to have writtenPunjabi Sufi  Qisse  was  Bulleh Shah. He is frequently quoted by young and old alike with same respect and on matters of both love and God. Punjabi Architecture Punjabi architecture is the feast for eyes. Punjab is bestowed with worth seeing architecture all around. The oldest examples of architecture sculpture and painting in the Punjab belong to the Harappa civilization. The breathtaking architecture include: * Badshahi Mosque is a famous landmark and a major tourist attraction. Badshai masjid was built by sixth mughal emperor Aurengzeb in 1671 and completed in 1673.It is the second largest masjid in Pakistan and fifth largest in the world. * Taxila  is a town and an important  archaeological  site in the  District of the  Punjab  province in  Pakistan. The site includes buildings, fortifications, settlements, showing architectural influence. * The  Wazir Khan Mosque  in  Lahore,  Pakistan, is famous for its extensive faience  tile work. It has been described as ‘a mole on the cheek of Lahore'. It was built in seven years, starting around 1634–1635 AD, during the reign of the  Mughal Emperor  Shah Jehan. Rohtas Fort  is a historical garrison fort built by king  Farid Khan, located near the city of Jhelum  in  Pakistan. This fort is about 4  km in circumference and the first example of the successful amalgamation of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the  Indian Subcontinent. * The  Khewra Salt Mine  is located in  Khewra, north of  Pind Dadan Khan, an administrative subdivision of  Jhelum District,  Punjab, Pakistan. It is Pakistan's largest and oldest salt mine  and the world's second largest. It is a major tourist attraction. Punjab a rts and craftPunjab has a rich tradition of arts and crafts. The richness of the land is reflected in its handicraft. The people of Punjab lay much importance on their artistry and the minute details of their work. The artistic creations of Punjab are acclaimed all over the world. The skilled and dexterous artisans of the state produce a variety of handicrafts and even the rural women have a major contribution in the production of these fascinating art works. Mud work Mud work is a famous rural practice in Punjab, prevalent from the ancient times.It is a trend in Punjab to mud-plaster the walls of the house and then, create motifs and designs on the mudded walls. Metal work Metalwork is also very popular in Punjab. Utensils made of metals are used in households, as also for religious purposes. Basketry work Thin straws of glass are used for basketry works, which is another Punjabi craft that is immensely popular. Mats, rugs, carpets, curtains and hand fans are woven using these stra ws. Embroidery Embroidery is another extensively followed work of art, known in the state by various local names.Phulkari, an intricate needle work, is extremely popular and is mainly taken up by village girls. Juttis of Punjab Punjabi juttis represent the traditional footwear of Punjab, which is known worldwide for its exquisite design and intricate pattern. Punjab festivals Punjab is well known for its festivals which include: Urs The fairs held at the shrines of  Sufi  saints are called  urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint.Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in The most important urs are: urs of Data  Ganj Buksh  at  Lahore, urs of Hazrat  Sultan Bahu  at  Jhang, urs of Hazrat  Shah Jewna  at  Jhang, urs of Hazrat  Mian Mir  at Lahore, urs of  Baba Farid  Ganj Shakar at  Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat  Bahaudin Zakria   at  Multan, urs of  Sakhi Sarwar Sultan  at  Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of  Shah Hussain  at Lahore, urs of Hazrat  Bulleh Shah  at  Kasur, urs of Hazrat  Imam Bari  (Bari Shah Latif) at  Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of  Shah Inayar Qadri  (the murrshad of  Bulleh Shah) in Lahore.A big fair/mela is organized at  Jandiala Sher Khan  in district  Sheikhupura  on the Mausoleum of Syed  Waris Shah  who is the most loved Sufi poet of Punjab due to his claasic work known as  Heer Ranjha. The shrine of  Heer Ranjha  in  Jhang  has been one of the most visited shrines in Punjabecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. Industrial and commercial fairs Exhibitions and Annual Horse Shows in all Districts and National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore are held with the official patronage.National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sp orts, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronizes agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the Province with its strong rural roots. Other festivals In addition to the religious festivals, Punjabis may celebrate seasonal and harvest festivals, which include  Lohri,  Basant,Baisakhi  and  Teej. Punjabi Cuisine:Punjabi cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field; so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large fortunes due to popularity of Punjabi cuisine throughout the world. †Sarso ka sag† and â€Å"Maki ki roti† are examples of well known dishes. Punjabi cuisine can be non-vegetarian or completely vegetarian. Home cooked and Punjabi cuisine can vary significantly, with restaurant style using large amount of ghee, clari fied butter, with home cooking concentrating on mainly upon preparations with whole wheat, rice and other ingredients flavored with masala.Within the Punjab region, there are different preferences. People in the area of Lahore prefer stuffed parathas and milk products. In fact, the area is well known for quality of its milk products. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic and ginger. Tandoori food is a Punjabi specialty for non-vegetarian dishes. Tandoor, Naan, Pakoras and vegetable dishes with paneer are also derived from Punjab. Punjabi Music: Bhangra is of the many Punjabi art forms that is increasingly being listened to in the west and is becoming a mainstream favorite.Punjabi music is being used by western musicians, in many ways, such as mixing it with other compositions to produce award-winning music. In addition, Punjabi Classical music is increasingly becoming popular in the west. Punjabi music has a diverse style of music, ranging from folk and Sufi to classical, notably the Patiala Gharana. Folk music of Punjab is the traditional music of Punjab produced using the traditional instruments like Tumbi, Algoze, Dhadd, Sarangi, Chimta and more. Sufi music includes the singing of Sufi poetry in several genres.Some of the poets whose compositions are often sung include Baba Farid, Bulleh Shah, Shah Husain, Waris Shah and Mian Muhammad Bakhsh. Classical music includes Patiala Gharana and Sham Chaurasia Gharana. Punjabi Dances: Owing to the long history of the Punjabi culture there is a large number of dances, normally performed at times of celebration, including harvests, festivals and wedding. The particular background of the dances can be non-religious and religious. The overall style can range from the high energy â€Å"Bhangra† men’s dance to the more reserved â€Å"Jhumar†, the â€Å"Gidha† women’s dance.Punjabi dances are an array of folk and religious dances of the Punjabi people indigenous to t he Punjabi religion, straddling the border of India and Pakistan. At times of celebration everyone is encouraged to dance. Married Punjabi couples usually dance together. The husband dances in the style of male Punjabi dances, frequently with arms raised and the wife dances in the style of female Punjabi dances. Common Punjabi Folk Dances for â€Å"Females†: * Sammi * Giddha * Jaago * Kikli * Luddi Common Punjabi Dances for â€Å"Males†: * Bhangra * Jhumar * Gatka * Jalli * Dhamal * Dankara Khatka (Sword Dance) Punjabi Clothes: Basically Punjabi dress is simple and easy to use. One can see a variety in the dresses. The people of Punjab wear according to their traditions. Different dresses are used in rural and urban areas. The Punjabi dresses fulfill the requirements of climate and religion. Turban or a cap is a part of Punjabi dress. The male members of the rural society wear Dhoti, Kurta and Turban. The female members like to wear Shalwar, Kurta and Dupatta both in rural and urban areas. Shalwar, shirt, coat and pant are used in the urban areas by the men. The â€Å"Western† dress has greatly influenced the urban areas.The dress is prepared to fulfill the requirements of â€Å"pardah†. Special dress is prepared f or the bride at the time of her marriage. Punjabi wedding Traditions: Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains may be conducted in Arabic, Punjabi, Sanskrit, by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or Priest, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times.

Insanity or Feigned Madness

Throughout William Shakespeares play, settlement, the protagonist, Prince crossroads, is faced with avenging the cruel murder of his Father. In attempts for vengeance, critical point feigns unhingedness as a ploy to perform actions he would regularly be prohibited from and as a way to pre express people from winning him seriously, consequently on the wholeowing him to execute his externalizes un noniced. He uses his dementia as a way to exit his feelings and thoughts towards other characters as shown when he is address to Claudius, Gertrude and Ophelia.crossroads blatantly states on unlike occasions that he in accompaniment is non tired of(p) and even says that he pass on put on an burlesque appetite. He also only if portrays his betise when necessary for his underlying goal, yet when on that point is no need to deceive, small town acts as a perfectly compos mentis(predicate) person would which is demonstrated when he talks to Horatio as well as the actors. Finally in comparison to Ophelia, who is the portrait of madness and has underg angiotensin converting enzyme similar tragedies as village, he appears as normal as anyone else. hamlet appears to be mad as a way to vent his emotions and conceal any action he plans to take against Claudius to avenge his father.This is part of crossroadss initial plan when he tells Horatio and Marcellus that he bequeath put an antic disposition on(I. v. 173) and that they must swear non to speak a word of his feigned madness. This allows small town to maintain his appearance of insanity thus allowing him to make his remarks of disgust towards Gertrude and Claudius without being penalise or taken seriously as a rational prince would be. Through his act, settlement is sufficient to vent his feelings towards Gertrude about how she hook up with too soon after the decease of his father and is even subject to recognise her. small town also uses his feigned madness as an excuse for his actions . This is shown when Hamlet apologizes to Laertes Wast Hamlet wrongd Laertes? neer Hamlet If Hamlet from himself be taen away, And when hes not himself does wrong Laertes, Then Hamlet does it not, Hamlet denies it. Who does it thus? His madness ift be so,(V. ii. 224) Even in Hamlets apology he makes it seem as though he is mad. The line If Hamlet from himself be taen away represents the modern commentary of madness stating that Hamlet was not all there.He also speaks about himself in third person, which is seen for the first time in the play, and also experiences the principle of madness. By apologizing in a mad state of foreland, Hamlet hopes to make his insanity more believable thus making it easier for Laertes to gestate it. By feigning insanity, Hamlet is able avoid unbeliefs about his peculiar mien and is able to focus on his visit on Claudius. Hamlet only uses his stalking-horse of madness when necessary. Proving his sanity, Hamlet is able fashion a play based on w hat the subtlety of his father told Hamlet about his death.Also when telling Horatio, a scholar, of his plan Hamlet not only appeared sane but Horatio had no issues with his instructions hold mine uncle if his occulted guilt Do not itself unkennel in one speech it is a damned ghost we sop up seen,(III. ii. 79) Hamlet tells Horatio to watch Claudius for any signs of guilt. Showing that he is not insane, Hamlet also questions the intentions of the ghost and whether it is good or evil. If he were mad, then he would not even chew over the intentions of the ghost. Above all Hamlet was correct with his plan and the king did in particular show signs guilt.Even other characters notice that Hamlet is not completely mad. A prime example is when Polonius was speaking to Hamlet and says, Though this be madness, yet there is method int. (II. ii. 204). Although Hamlet was able to fool Polonius that he was indeed mad, Polonius notices that Hamlets remarks are full of nitty-gritty and quick- witted, no easy task for a man who is truly insane but not as difficult for a man nearly playing the role. Polonius psychoanalysis of Hamlet proves to be true when Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern that he in fact is not mad. I am but mad north-north-west. When the wind is southerly, I know a slope from a givesaw. (II. ii. 376).Though utter in an unconventional way, Hamlet blatantly states that he is not mad. Hidden at bottom that statement, Hamlet also was able to convey the message that he fag end grant his enemies, I know a hawk from a hatfulsaw. Some have analyzed this quote as an ardour towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern1. Hamlet is not mad he is perfectly feigning it and with his knowledge of playing he is doing an exceptional job. Similarly to Hamlet, Ophelia suffers the homogeneous tragic loss of a father.Cambridge University did a need on the effectuate of losing a parent and came to the conclusion that The death of a parent imposes an unexpected cri sis for most healthy, well-functioning adults. This crisis can result in high levels of physiologic distress, increased risk for opinion, impaired physiological health, or increase alcohol consumption. These effects go largely unrecognized by everyone except those going through the loss. (Umberson,7). This study proves true to Hamlet who undergoes similar signs of drop-off and physiological distress.Ophelia on the other hand shows true signs of insanity. She is unable to process thoughts logically and when she falls in the water she is unable, or unwilling, to sense the danger at hand and drowns without the slightest struggle. Unlike Ophelia, Hamlet is constantly thought and rationalizing his possible actions. This is shown when Hamlet has the opportunity to push down Claudius Now might I do it, now he is a-praying and now Ill dot and so he goes to heaven and so am I revenged. That would be scannd A baddie kills my father, and for that,I, his sole son, do this same villain sen d to heaven. (III,iii,74-79) Hamlets thoughts add up a logical progression that shows his mind of the situations around him. With the chance to kill Claudius, Hamlet realizes that by killing him while he is repenting his sins, Hamlet would thereby be send him to heaven and thus doing Claudius a favour. Hamlet proves that he is sane by having the force to think logically and therefore in comparison to Ophelia he is far from madness. The question of Hamlets sanity is one that has been questioned since the moment Hamlet was first performed. cult is one of the main elements driving the temporary hookup and as the play progresses, Hamlets depiction of a madman becomes more and more believable. His feigned madness is a mere ploy for vengeance on Claudius and should not be mistaken for true insanity. Hamlet himself states that he is not mad and will put on an antic disposition and in comparison to Ophelia, Hamlet is the pictorial matter of sanity. In William Shakespeares play Hamlet, early days Hamlet feigns madness in attempts to avenge the death of his father and although he shows signs of depression he should not be believed to be a madman.