Indian Capital Market Essay

History of Indian Capital Markets S. Sowdeesram The history of the Indian capital markets and the stock market, in particular can be traced back to 1861 when the American Civil War began. The opening of the Suez Canal during the 1860s led to a tremendous increase in exports to the United Kingdom and United States. Several companies were formed during this period and many banks came to the fore to handle the finances relating to these trades. With many of these registered under the British Companies Act, the Stock Exchange, Mumbai, came into existence in 1875. It was an unincorporated body of stockbrokers, which started doing business in the city under a banyan tree. Business was essentially confined to company owners and brokers, with very little interest evinced by the general public. There had been much fluctuation in the stock market on account of the American war and the battles in Europe. Sir Premchand Roychand remained a kingpin for many years. Sir Phiroze Jeejeebhoy was another who dominated the stock market scene from 1946 to 1980. His word was law and he had a great deal of influence over both brokers and the government. He was a good regulator and many crises were averted due to his wisdom and practicality. The BSE building, icon of the Indian capital markets, is called P. J. Tower in his memory. The planning process started in India in 1951, with importance being given to the formation of institutions and markets The Securities Contract Regulation Act 1956 became the parent regulation after the Indian Contract Act 1872, a basic law to be followed by security markets in India. To regulate the issue of share prices, the Controller of Capital Issues Act (CCI) was passed in 1947. The stock markets have had many turbulent times in the last 140 years of their existence. The imposition of wealth and expenditure tax in 1957 by Mr. T. T. Krishnamachari, the then finance minister, led to a huge fall in the markets. The dividend freeze and tax on bonus issues in 1958-59 also had a negative impact. War with China in 1962 was another memorably bad year, with the resultant shortages increasing prices all round. This led to a ban on forward trading in commodity markets in 1966, which was again a very bad period, together with the introduction of the Gold Control Act in 1963. The markets have witnessed several golden times too. Retail investors began participating in the stock markets in a small way with the dilution of the FERA in 1978. Multinational companies, with operations in India, were forced to reduce foreign share holding to below a certain percentage, which led to a compulsory sale of shares or issuance of fresh stock. Indian investors, who applied for these shares, encountered a real lottery because those were the days when the CCI decided the price at which the shares could be issued. There was no free pricing and their formula was very conservative. The next big boom and mass participation by retail investors happened in 1980, with the entry of Mr. Dhirubhai Ambani. Dhirubhai can be said to be the father of modern capital markets. The Reliance public issue and subsequent issues on various Reliance companies generated huge interest. The general public was so unfamiliar with share certificates that Dhirubhai is rumoured to have distributed them to educate people. Mr. V. P. Singh’s fiscal budget in 1984 was pathbreaking for it started the era of liberalization. The removal of estate duty and reduction of taxes led to a swell in the new issue market and there was a deluge of companies in 1985. Mr. Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister came with a reform agenda in 1991 and this led to a resurgence of interest in the capital markets, only to be punctured by the Harshad Mehta scam in 1992. The mid-1990s saw a rise in leasing company shares, and hundreds of companies, mainly listed in Gujarat, and got listed in the BSE. The end1990s saw the emergence of Ketan

Dettol Soap

Dettol Soap Introduction Dettol Antiseptic Liquid Disinfectant is the name of commercial liquid and solid antiseptic products belonging to a household product line manufactured by Reckitt Benckiser. The traditional liquid product is a light yellow colour, but becomes milky white when diluted in water. This diluted mixture can be used to clean cuts etc. The active ingredient which defines its unique antiseptic property is an aromatic chemical compound known as chloroxylenol (C8H9ClO). This makes up 4. % of Dettol's total mixture,[1] with the rest composed of pine oil, isopropanol, castor oil soap, caramel, and water. Because several of the ingredients are insoluble in water, Dettol produces a white emulsion of oil droplets when diluted during use. Diluted Dettol can also be used to treat acne[2] in small quantities, but it must not come into contact with eyes, mouth, or nasal passage[citation needed]. Its topical application is a remedy for boils (skin abscess). [citation needed] Like other household cleaners, Dettol is poisonous and should not be ingested.In an extreme case, a forty-two-year-old British man died from Dettol overexposure in May 2007. [3] The company ran a controversial advertising campaign where it claimed that your toilet seat was cleaner than kitchen work surfaces. It was forced to withdraw the campaign. In Australia, the use of Dettol in a spray bottle is used to combat Cane Toads, as spraying the disinfectant kills the toads quickly. Dettol has been a highly reputable producer of hygiene products in the UK for numerous years. They are a company that takes great pride in the accomplishments and achievements that they have made.With numerous products working for both them and the customers that use them they have made great strides in keeping hygiene in the home and office around the country. Dettol handwash is a very common product that can be found filling many of the soap dispensers in restaurants, schools and even hospitals in this country . The Dettol antiseptic liquid can also be found in many of these areas. Both work well in keeping the harmful bacteria that infects people at bay, and thus reduces the amount of germs that are spread to others.People that access these products should be sure to follow the directions on how to use them properly if they are to get the full benefits of these products. If this is done then you can rest easy knowing that the harmful germs and bacteria are being cleansed from the areas that had come into contact with. STRATEGIES AND OBJECTIVES Reckitt Benckiser's objective is to generate above industry average profitable growth by: †¢ Focusing on building the power brands in high growth categories †¢ Geographic expansion of the portfolio †¢ Continuous innovation Higher investment in brand building †¢ Margin expansion and cash conversion to fund reinvestment in core brands and to grow returns to shareholders. †¢ Selective add-on acquisitions DETTOL PRODUCTS Dettol soaps Dettol liquid Dettol hand wash Dettol Prickly powder Dettol multi purpose cleaner Which includes dishwasher, floor mopping liquid, washroom cleaner, kitchen cleaner I have chosen Dettol Soap MARKETING STRATEGY SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Soap is a major consumer item and there is a huge demand and potential in this market particularly the anti – bacterial segment.The anti bacterial market segment has grown year on year by more than 7 % percent due to increased consumer awareness and education on the benefits of anti-bacterial soaps. As a result, the pie is growing bigger every year. Some uncontrollable situational factors that are faced by the Reckitt Benckiser Pakistan and Dettol soap are as follows, †¢Demand: Although the demand for Reckitt Benckiser products is very high but when we talk about the demand of the Dettol soap the demand is growing in the antibacterial category.The market share of Dettolsoap is more than 10 % in Pakistan out of the Rs 11 billion soap mark et. †¢Competition: There was no direct competitor of Dettol soap at the time of launching but today; two brands are directly competing Dettol. Safeguard (P & G) and lifebuoy (Unilever) are direct competitors †¢Legal/political: these are the uncertainties that are extremely variable in the political conditions of Pakistan. Constant political instability does affect the company in terms of building new relations with new governments all the time. Social and Cultural factors: the company has to be very careful in the implementation of its promotional campaigns, since the social cultural environment of Pakistan is very conservative and any suggestive advertisements usually face a lot of negative reactions on the part of the consumer. †¢Other factors: like the government regulations and technological advancements have had no significant effect on the product and the company. MARKETING ANALYSISIn the mind of the consumer, anti-bacterial soap should have the following: A pro duct whose core function is to clean skin, making it softer and smoother, while leaving a feeling of freshness behind. Good perfume and foam combine to deliver this freshness experience. The key functional benefit is that it removes dirt, oiliness and other impurities from skin. Germs are not top-of-mind for the average consumer, but are a function of Dirt and disease. Research led us to know that consumers are largely unaware of the diverse nature of ‘jaraseem’.They just know that Germs (jaraseem) are the bad guys. They don’t know that there are different types of germs. Different antibacterial competitors are trying to own a higher ground by building on already present germ-kill equity. Like Dettol has given it’s slogan of â€Å"Dettol protects against a wide range of unseen germs, including bacteria and viruses† While safeguard is focusing on ‘Din Raat Lagataar Tahaffuz’ which is more powerful in the mind of the consumer. Lifebuoy is following the â€Å"germ buster’s† strategy. TARGET MARKETThe target market for Dettol soap is all households (primarily mothers) who can afford buying soap and who want to fulfill an everyday need (primarily bathing) that provides them and their family with a 100% anti-bacterial solution – complete protection from all germs/ bacteria and cleanliness from dirt / grime. MARKET DEMOGRAPHICS (GEOGRAPHIC, DEMOGRAPHICS, BEHAVIORAL FACTORS) The target markets analysis of Dettol soap is:- Geographic location Include almost all Urban; suburban; small town; and some rural areas of Pakistan Demographics Gender Male; female mainly mothersAge 18years to 45 years Socioeconomic status Mainly targeting middle class and upper middle class in urban and sub-urban areas – primarily cities and surrounding areas. Rural market penetration is limited and is primarily driven through indirect channels (e. g. Wholesale) Psychographics Young housewives and mothers who care about t he health and well being of their family. MARKET NEEDS (QUALITY CRAFTSMANSHIP, INNOVATIVE DESIGNS, CUSTOMER SERVICE) RB is conscious of the changing consumer needs and trends and is constantly conducting market research to assess opportunities and threats.Quality of the product is the number 1 priority as well as research on new variants. The next planned variant is Dettol Herbal soap. In addition, a new customer hotline has also been added to get instant feedback on product use, problems and activities. MARKET TRENDS The soap market has been most affected by the recent sky rocketing price of palm oil which is the primary ingredient of soap noodles. This has caused the average price of soap noodles to increase by 20% – 25 % forcing producers (also RB) to increase prices of their soap products by almost as much so as not to put excessive pressure on their margins.This will undoubtedly result in decrease in soap sales volumes (higher prices means less consumer off take) as well as disruption in the market due to several quoted prices of the same product available resulting in dissonance in the wholesale and retail markets as well as confusion in consumer buying decisions at the point of sale. MARKET GROWTH The overall soap market is growing by 10 % while the antibacterial segment is growing by 7%. Hence, there is a lot of potential in the market for growth and additional brand penetration and brand building.SWOT ANALYSIS THE STRENGTHS †¢ The brand’s Germ-kill heritage (brown liquid) is seen as strong and adds on trustworthiness (RTB) †¢ Excellent for treating skin irritations, cuts/bruises and seasonal applications †¢ Brand comes from a reputable (old) company †¢ Loyal following of ‘Original’ THE WEAKNESSES ?Not perceived as an ‘everyday soap’ due to: ?Smell – strongly associated with hospitals ?Is harsh on skin – makes skin dry ?Does not make satisfying lather ?Shape not user-friendly ?No awareness of variants No perceived as a dynamic, innovative and contemporary brand ? Low Top-of-Mind recall: Communication not engaging THE OPPORTUNITY ?Leverage the powerful brand equity associated with the Dettol Brand to make Dettol Soap an everyday use proposition. ? THE THREATS Other main players in the antibacterial soap category (Safeguard and Lifebuoy) have positioned their brands for everyday use against bacteria – Dettol soap positioning lacks that desired everyday benefit and experience! COMPETITION ANALYSISHere is a brief description about the antiseptic soap producing companies Dettol soap is a brand of Reckitt Benckiser Pak Ltd and it has been operating in Pakistan since 1999 after taking over from Reckitt & Colman. Market share of Dettol soap in the soap market is around 10% at the end of December 2007. The Dettol soap users have the perception that it is effective in germ kill with the medicinal smell of Dettolliquid which is used for Bruises & Cuts, Insect b ites, washing of clothes, Mopping of floors, Shaving, Bathing and Cleansing of skin and used mostly during summers.Its functional core need is incidental antibacterial. Safeguard ® is the No. 1 antibacterial soap worldwide; it is the only bar soap registered with the FDA. Safeguard is designed to provide excellent germ protection for the whole family. Safeguard, launched in 1995 by Procter & Gamble has set new standards for defining â€Å"health & hygiene† in Pakistan. It is an anti-bacterialsoap that provides germ protection for twice as long as ordinary soaps making it the doctors' number 1 recommended choice throughout the world.The market share of safeguard is the biggest in antiseptic soapcategory with 22 % share. Safeguard users have the perception that it is providing them with Continuous Germ Protection, Gentle on skin, Smells Good, has a easy to grasp shape and the functional needs portrayed is of an everyday soap with germ protection. Lifebuoy is one of Unilever's oldest brands. Lifebuoy Royal Disinfectant Soap was launched in 1894 as an affordable new product in the UK, to support people in their mission for better personal hygiene.Lifebuoysoap aims to provide affordable and accessible hygiene solutions that enable people to lead a life free from hygiene related worries, everywhere, regardless of the boundaries of nationality, religion and socio-economic status. Lifebuoy has a market share of 16 %. Lifebuoy users see the soap as a decent quality, affordable germ protection agent containing carbolic acid as its germ protection agent and its functional need portrays that it is an everyday soap with germ protection for the middle and lower middle class. OPPORTUNITY ANALYSISBased on the competitive analysis, Reckitt Benckiser found out that there are a lot of opportunities which will help the New Dettol soap capitalize a greater market share. New Dettol Soap’s ability to gain real consumer insights, to launch products and variants that c onsumers actually want, supported by insightful advertising that talks to consumers in their own language, are all vital elements, which will lead to success of Dettol and the New Dettol soap as a brand. †¢ Extensive Market Growth †¢ Market Penetration and Market Expansion. Achieving High Gross Margins †¢ High Customer Services and Satisfaction †¢ New Product Development and Entrepreneurship. PRODUCT OFFERING The product is offered in 5 variants (2 skus – 115 Gms and 70 Gms): †¢ Original: Contains essence of the Dettol antiseptic solution †¢ Skincare: Contains moisturizer for Skin care. †¢ Active: Contains Active cleaning agent for Active cleaning. †¢ Fresh: Contains Fresh scent for a Fresh feeling. †¢ Sensitive: Contains Skin-friendly ingredients for Sensitive skin. POSITIONING STRATEGY Positioning Against CompetitorDettol is positioned as a premium brand which the mother chooses for 100% protection against all germs and bacteria for her family. The mother of the family is the focal point for Dettol Soap positioning compared to Safeguard and Lifebuoy which focuses on children. Positioning In Relation To Product Attribute: The primary positioning vis a vis product attribute is that Dettol Soap has the essence of Dettol Solution, the no. 1 antiseptic brand in the world trusted by families everywhere for over a century – which its competitors do not posses. Hence, it is considered a premium brand in the anti-bacterial segment.Positioning by price and quality As Dettol is a premium brand, it is priced at a premium to its competitors (Safeguard and Lifebuoy). Being premium means there will be no compromise in quality as the link between price and quality exists and customer is always willing to pay more for perceived quality which in the case of Dettol soap, he/she does! MARKETING MIX STRATEGY PRICING STRATEGY Price v/s non price competition Dettol soap is priced at retail price of Rs. 38. 00 (115 gms) and Rs. 26. 00 (70 gms) which is at a premium of Rs 3 and Rs. 2 to its competition (Safeguard and Lifebuoy).Discounts and allowances RB give a special trade offer on Dettol Soap of 2% during the summer season so as to push to product into retail and an additional discount of 4 % to wholesalers to maximize loading in the channel and improved distribution when demand (consumer pull) is maximum. In addition, for the months of June to August – RB runs a special consumer promotion pack of three DettolSoaps (in one package) with a Rs. 19 price off on a purchase of three soap bars. Geographic pricing strategy In pricing the seller must consider the cost of shipping.There are different geographic strategies. But RB utilizes the uniform delivering pricing (the same delivering price quoted to all buyers regardless of their location) for Dettol Soap. DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION FOR CONSUMER PRODUCT There are 2 primary channels of distribution for Dettol soap: Distributors and sub distributors: The company sells the products to its appointed distributors and sub distributors (+300 all over Pakistan) that are responsible for the distribution of pre-defined geographical areas who distribute it further to wholesalers and/or retailers.The retail distribution is further classified into TOP STORES (TSP’s) which include all the high profile outlets like al-fatah, HKB, Akbari stores etc and whole sale comprises of categories of diamond, gold and silver divided on the based on their average purchase per month and from here the product reaches the point of sale for the customer. Direct Delivery (Key Accounts) The company provides direct delivery to select large customers like institutional buyers of key accounts which sell directly to the consumer (in case of USC and CSD) or to small retailers / end-consumer (in case of MAKRO / METRO).INTENSITY OF DISTRIBUTION RB has an intensive distribution strategy of the product through its distributors that cover e very geographical area and who resell onwards to wholesalers and retailers. There is also direct delivery service to key accounts (USC, CSD, MAKRO &METRO). Every available channel is utilized for maximum distribution and coverage to all the hypermarkets, supermarkets, general stores, kiryana stores and medical stores. The company also has in place a RDF (rural development force) which is covering the rural areas and exploring new markets for potential market penetration.PRODUCT STRATEGY Consumer and biz product Dettol soap is a fast moving consumer product. Convenience good It is an essential good vis-a-vis it’s target market, which is all households (primarily mothers) who can afford buying soap and who want to fulfill an everyday need (primarily bathing) that provides them and their family with a 100% anti-bacterial solution – complete protection from all germs/ bacteria and cleanliness from dirt / grime. Product mix The five variants provide an ideal product mix in terms of consumer needs i. e.Original with Dettol Solution, Skincare with moisturizer, Active with active cleaning agent, fresh with fresh scent and Sensitive for sensitive skin. A new launch of Dettol Herbal Soap, which takes the tally of soaps to six variants. Unique Proposition that Dettol Herbal Soap has to offer is: â€Å"The fundamental idea is that ordinary beauty soaps only offer aspects of beauty but what healthy skin requires is both freedom from germs and the use of natural extracts; something only offered by Dettol Herbal Soapwhich provides not only Maximum Protection from germs but also contains Aloe Vera, Avocado oil and botanical extracts. Product line extension and uses The product is used primarily for showering / bathing but is also used for hand washing. A product line extension is Dettol Hand wash which is also available under the Dettol Brand. Product Life Cycle Since this is a Fast Moving Consumer Product, the average product life cycle of this product (if use d every day) is 30 days and 2 years if not in use (if stored in a cool and dry location). The brand is entering from growth to maturity. ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION STRATEGY COMMUNICATION STRATEGY OF DETTOL SOAP Reposition Dettol soaps range as a preferred everyday use solution for the whole family† COMMUNICATION OBJECTIVES †¢ Announce new & improved Dettol soap. †¢ Protection against a wide range of unseen germs (including bacteria & viruses). †¢ Better experience (lather / perfume / feel-on-skin). †¢ Show all 5 variants of new Dettol soap. AGENCY SELECTION Almost 135 Advertising agencies exist in market but Reckitt Benckiser has selected Manhattan International Limited (MIL) Advertising Company because of their outstanding work in Pakistani market.BUDGET Dettol soap is a Rs 1 billion brand annually and so the marketing budget allocated to it approx 20 % of total Net revenue, not much resources have been allocated to Dettol soap marketing efforts due to its squeezed margins and close competition with other antibacterial soaps, it mainly derives its sales from the brand equity of Dettol liquid. MARKETING COMMUNICATION METHODOLOGIES This is a summary section. Give a brief overview of your advertising, consumer promotions, personal selling, sponsorship programs and database programs.Discuss the relative mix of each of these components and how you will integrate them together into seamless plan. This discussion should relate back to your Marketing Communication Objective and how these methodologies will help in accomplishing the objective. Different advertising rates of various media vehicles have been given in the appendix 1, 2, 3 and 4. ADVERTISING (TVC) Television is still the primary medium for advertising for Dettol soap, and print also forms a crucial part of the communications strategy. But increasingly campaigns are integrated across all these communication channels.All advertisements of Dettol soap are a blend of hard sell and sof t sell advertising, as all the Dettol soapadvertisements first show the ingredient it contains (Dettol Antiseptic solution) and then portray the emotional benefit for the user which revolves around the theme of a mother and children in which the mother is the one who makes her family use Dettol soap as she is one who decides what is best for her family in personal health, indicating that the target market of Dettol soap are the health conscious mother’s of young children. The main model used in almost all of the Dettol ad campaign is mahnoor baloch.When it comes to advertising, DETTOL prefers TV because of their philosophy that; â€Å"HEALTH AND HYGIENE ALWAYS COMES FIRST. † Thus TV is the best media, as you can show how Dettol soapkeeps you hygienically clean and protected and gives you daylong protection from body odour. Apart from this, in Pakistan, TV is a strong medium, it has highest reach. Thus a large part of advertising budget is focused on TV. Dettol soap spe nds around 60 % of the TV advertising budget on all channels with high rating points like PTV, PTV WORLD, GEO, ARY, INDUS VISION etc. Dettol soap advertises highly in summer season i. . mid of the year, as people prefer frequent washes in such seasons to keep hygienically clean and long lasting protection against body odour. MEDIA PLAN-TV Dettol has devised a well approached media plan which covers almost all of the major channels which are covered through high frequency spots on all (over 12 minutes per channel per day! ), with the Dettol soap ad showing in the headline news of geo and PTV. Cable branding has also been carried out two major cities, in Karachi – world call channel branding (72 spots/day) and in Lahore – cable spots (72 spots/day).CONSUMER PROMOTION Dettol soap also provides additional support by giving away various consumer promotions to provide the consumer with the extra value benefit. The consumer promotion introduced by Dettol soap was that on a pu rchase of three soaps the consumer will get a saving of Rs 19. The consumer promotion is as under. Another consumer promotion opportunity as a part of new product promotion and sampling effort has been carried out at METRO stores in Lahore and Islamabad where a free soap bar is being offered on a single purchase of the new product, Dettol MPC.INSTORE PLACEMENT STRATEGY Dettol soap has also planned an in-store placement strategy to promote and market their product so to have maximum visibility to the consumer; they have assigned dedicated shelves to the product and are also promoting their product in metro and makro aswell. Their placement strategy is mainly focused on O Place Dettol Soap next to Safeguard O Equal or more facing than Safeguard. O Place between Lux & Safeguard where Possible. O Build brand block wherever possible.

Unit 5 Part 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unit 5 Part 2 - Research Paper Example Debate in the public domain with regard to gun control can amicably be resolved through legal goodwill paving way for the relevant legislation. In the United States, gun control issues have been a center of interest and debate by the stakeholders torn in between gun ownership legalization or completely banning guns. Several years of debate seemed futile in many instances but with political will, it is likely to end in a reliable solution. This paper will focus upon the debate of gun control presenting the argument that how this ban came to be challenged in the first place and how this ruling of the court was manipulated and used by lawmakers. It will then explain the justifications for arms possession considering the changing society and explain the precautions that will assist and promote proper use of guns. The changes in policy against the laws of gun control started after the ruling of a court in Columbia. According to the Christian Science Monitor (2007), a showdown was looming after a US appeals court ruled against gun ban in District of Columbia. The ruling seemed to depart from a 1939 Supreme Court ruling, even if precedents might not tie a judge. The panel stated in its ruling that owning a gun was a constitutional right. The provisions of the Second Amendment on which the Supreme Court based its ruling go to the extent of allowing a well regulated militia to maintain security of a Free State. The Christian Science Monitor pointed out that the security of the public goes further than allowing militia possess guns legally. Self defense and not mere constitutional right to possess a gun was the key argument in the judgment. Since the law in the District of Columbia stated that guns should be disassembled or trigger locked, it was argued that safety would be enhanced. It was hence the beginning of a platform to legalize the ownership of weapons due to the changing society and the importance of self defense and

Global Environmental Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global Environmental Impact - Essay Example As the paper discusses an extensive review of the literature found out that series of climatic change agreements and institutions have taken place to reduce Global environmental impact by climate change. Man-made climate change was known to be a problem in the 20th century even though Green House Gases emissions effects on the global climate have been there since 19th century. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was established in 1988 to assess the scientific evidence. According to the research findings COP 15 in Copenhagen was established in 2009 to implement new climate agreement that would commit both developing and developed countries, an agreement that was post-Kyoto period. This conference resulted in a failure since it ended with a non-binding document mentioning 2oC target, a gaol was agreed to provide climate finance, and came up with Green Climate Fund in which countries made pledges up to 2020 that were not sufficient to meet the 2oC target In 2011, COP 17 conference was held in Durban. It establishes a mechanism of technology to expedite technology development and relocation. The conference also concluded that a new agreement to be adopted by 2015 and enter into force in 2020. The agreements was to be legally binding and applicable to all countries of the world and the Ad Hoc working group on Durban platform was to prepare it for an Enhanced Action. The US-China announcement on their intention to reduce climate change was made on December 2014 a head of the Lima conference.

Quastions ch 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quastions ch 5 - Essay Example It thus allows for removal of tariffs and trade barriers in the bilateral trading platform. Interventionism theory has transformed international trade since its inception. It is a theory that explores the justification of economic or political interference of another partner. Historically, the difference in capital base, technology and labor supply was used as a tool of economic coercion by powerful economies to coerce developing economies into imbalance multilateral trade policies and practice. Today, modern international ethics in business have significantly diminished this form of economic exploitation. The criteria of modern intervention are purely mutually beneficial trade ties that emphasize on mutual respect, ethical business agreements and removal of economic paternalism. The principle of interventionist theory has been significantly eroded in the wake of modern economies and expansion of liberal marketing and free trade (Ruta & Venables 2012). Free trade policy has encouraged global efficiency by allowing every countrys freedom to access international markets at equal level. Unlike in the past where there were bureaucratic bottlenecks, many multilateral trades have successful in creating a platform where a range of products from different countries can interact. In addition, it has created mutual global interest in pursuing economic depressions and crises through stabilization of prices on energy and petroleum products. Besides, through free trade, there has been tariffs reduction, less restriction on goods movements and entrepreneurs have shifted from focusing on local trade to international. In addition, it has expanded export trade leading to lower prices of commodities. Global efficiency of goods movement, bilateral and multilateral trade agreements easily executable are due to removing of international trade

The Portfolio of Current Issues in Risk Management Essay

The Portfolio of Current Issues in Risk Management - Essay Example Companies however have also sought to establish various steps to manage these risks, including the review of the management of organization risks and the review of the present operating models. Commentary The article above discusses the issue which relates to the global supply chain risk. The normal process of supply and demand in the current context of the globalized economy materializes in the form of the globalized demand and supply process. This means that demand and supply is now governed by a larger market, one which encompasses many countries (Taylor and Brunt, 2001). In the past, the commercial enterprises were mostly based on national activities, with only few multinational corporations venturing into commercial activities outside their home countries. With the eventual spread of globalization however, economic practices soon became significant trends in doing business. This included the globalized supply chains (Taylor and Brunt, 2001). Risks in relation to these supply cha ins however also impacted significantly on various corporations and business processes. Inasmuch as the global supply chain was able to secure more diverse, cheaper, and more bountiful supplies; it has also been vulnerable to various issues within the supply chain (Rainer and Cegielski, 2010). The globalized nature of the supply chain has made the delivery of supplies subject to the events which are unfolding in the countries included in the supply chain (Rainer and Cegielski, 2010). In effect, the risks experienced by the main lines and countries involved in the supply line are felt by all the countries or corporations within the chain. As was mentioned in the article, the earthquake in Japan may have been an ocean away from the western countries, however, its impact was felt in the US, and as far away as the United Kingdom (Hoover, et.al., 2001). The global supply chain, in effect, is affected by the economic crisis felt by countries or regions involved in the supply chain. Raw ma terials are usually sourced from one part of the globe, processed by another country, and then manufactured in another. The finished product is then distributed in different parts of the world (Hoover, et.al., 2001). Issues in the mining of copper in the Philippines for example would affect supply for processing companies. These processing companies would have a higher processing cost and therefore demand higher costs for their sales. In turn, the manufacturing companies would also increase their price. Eventually, the end consumer bears the cost of the price increase. Political instability also increases the risk within the global supply chain. This is very much apparent in the case of conflicts in the Middle East and in North Africa where issues in the region are causing difficulties in the oil supply chain (Hoover, et.al., 2001). The Middle East controls significant oil reserves and where the supply from these countries are curtailed or affected by political conflicts, the price of oil is also affected. Once again, within the supply chain, the costs are increased. Oil is a major source of fuel and any increase in its price affects many industries and most human commercial activities (Hoover, et.al., 2001). In the end, the consumer again bears the brunt of the economic costs

What to Do When the Invisible Hand Stops Working Essay

What to Do When the Invisible Hand Stops Working - Essay Example At a glance, Smith’s invisible hand is known for the market’s regulation of the market (and self-healing too according to Buchanan) and the government’s necessity to intervene in the market.   This was mentioned in passing but was not explained in detail leaving the reading without much clue that compels this paper to elaborate. With regard to the invisible hand of the market, Adam Smith originally meant that the mechanism of the invisible hand is a result of the market settling the distribution of goods and the prices between what the producers want to produce and what the consumers choose freely what to consume.   As a result, producers will have to create goods that are cheaper to produce undermining competition and gain market share.   This competition will ultimately benefit the individual consumer and hence, the greater community as a whole.   On a bigger picture, Adam Smith’s invisible hand may have been the precursor of globalization or the free market.   Perhaps even predated David Ricardo’s idea of Comparative Advantage of trading across economies in suggesting the idea of the freedom of trade as Adam Smith already tackled the dynamics of free trade across economies.   Adam Smith posited that a poor country will naturally have cheap labor and would be willing to work for wages lower than those of their rich counterpart countries.   As a result, the industry will naturally move to these countries as they make more profits by discounting on the labor cost as afforded by the poor country.   As the demand for labor increases, wages will also increase and will result in the higher purchasing power of those mentioned laborers.   As purchasing power increase, these new consumers will create a demand that local industry will have to hire additional labor to cope with the increasing demand for goods.   As this continues, the labor cost of the once poor country will eventually equal those of the host rich country to the point that the advantage of the poor country to provide cheap labor will be lost that it will no longer be advantageous for the rich country to move their factory or industry to the poor country.   In effect, Adam Smith was presupposing that the invisible hand will â€Å"guide† and regulate the market in the most beneficial manner.

Franklin D, Roosevelt on the four freedoms(1941) Assignment

Franklin D, Roosevelt on the four freedoms(1941) - Assignment Example They include freedom of speech and expression where every human being was able to express him/herself all over the world. Second was the freedom of worship as one wish without any interference. He argued individual should be allowed to leadership from the Almighty. Third was the freedom from want which would provide peaceful coexistence among the world populace and the last freedom was the freedom from fear which would reduce disarmament among nations so as to reduce the fear that existed among the residents. The four freedoms influence history in the 20th and 21st centuries. The president was guided by the principles and help America out of seclusion to more ways of acceptance by other countries among them were the European nations during the war. Guided by peace message around the world, Franklin initiated peace talks with various nations’ and leaders such as Churchill that led to formation of the United Nations to monitor world peace. Franklin four pillars of freedom have also formed the major changes that occur around the world. In fact they have formed the major basic human rights in many constitutions. Many governments including the United States considers them to be the fundamentals of a democratic state in the modern era. Any government that denies its citizens the four freedoms is just but a dictatorship regime and is prone to be neglected by the major world nations. Hence, the four freedoms have greatly resulted into democracy and peace around the world. The source of the data enabled us to know exactly who presented the information since it was from a recorded video tape. We were also able to establish the emotions that was involved by Franklin in its quest to have a more better world that do not involved in constant wrangles. However, the source do have some weakness, for instance the author does not exist anymore hence we could not consult him to substantiate his ideas.

The resistance in a conductor Essay Example for Free

The resistance in a conductor Essay This will consequently increase the resistance of the wire. However if the wire was shorter, the free electrons will not collide with the atoms as much as it did when it was longer. So now I can conclude that resistance is directly proportional to length and that if the length of the wire doubles its resistance doubles. If I draw a graph representing current against voltage for different lengths of wire, then it will look like this: The shortest wire of these will be the steepest in the graph; this is because it has the least resistance and therefore supplied the least voltage. The longest wire will have the greatest resistance and will be represented by the lowest line on the graph. Material of the wire: Here I use two different materials for the wires and calculate their resistance. I have chosen copper and nichrome. I will use the same procedure as mentioned before to calculate the resistance and I will set up the apparatus as first mentioned while keeping the thickness and the length of the wires same. If I were to draw a graph representing current against voltage, for this experiment it will look sort of like this: Thickness of the wire: Resistance: Resistance and length: If I plot a graph to show how resistance varies with length, it will show me something similar to this predicted graph: The graph passes through the origin, which concludes that , however much I increase the length, the resistance will increase by the same amount. Resistance decreases if the cross-section area is increased. An example can help to get a clearer picture; a narrow wire has fewer paths existing for the electrons to move through. While a larger wire has many more paths they could take. This makes conduction easier. It can be shown that the relationship between the cross-section area, A and resistance is R ? 1/A OR R ? K/A Where k is a constant that depends on the length and type of material. If I plot a graph to show how resistance varies with area, this will be shown: Unlike the graph for length, the line doesnt pass through the origin. However: R ? 1/A means that a graph of R against 1/A will show direct proportion. If I plot a graph to show how resistance varies with 1/Area, I will get this: Free electron conducting in metal Conductors: Conductors ( e. g. copper, aluminum ) are those substances which easily allow the passage of electric current through them. It is because there are a large number of free electrons available in a conductor. In terms of energy band, the valence and conduction bands overlap each other as shown below. Due to this overlapping, a slight potential difference across a conductor causes the free electrons to form electric current. Thus the electrical behaviour of conductors can be effectively explained by the band energy theory of materials. Prior test In order to rely on my results, I take the readings of the current for the increasing and the decreasing currents; giving a prior test. Material: Length: Thickness: Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. Experiment This first trial is to test the accuracy and the realism of the experiment itself. It also shows us that as the temperature has an effect on resistance. I will use a 100cm long strip of Nichrome wire and attach it to the circuit and the current will be raised and recordings will be taken at different levels. 1. Attach 100cm Nichrome wire. 2. Turn on the power supply and raise the current. 3. Take reading from the voltmeter. 4. Continue raising the power recording voltmeter readings. This above procedure will require the following equipment given below: 1. 100cm Nichrome wire 2. Ammeter 0 to 200 mA 3. Voltmeter 0 to 20 volts 4. Rheostat 5. Crocodile clips 6. Battery 7. Switch with key 8. Connecting wires By adjusting the rheostat the voltage are increasing in steps of 0. 15 V to 0. 50 V. Each time noting down the corresponding ammeter readings. I do this to make sure the readings of the ammeter while increasing and decreasing the voltage are the same almost with a slight variation, therefore making sure that no heating has taken place. I will then note down the ammeter readings while decreasing the voltage in steps of 0. 50 V to 0. 15 V, and Ill take the average current readings as this will improve the reliability of my experiment. I will use a table similarly to the one drawn and record my readings and calculate the resistance. Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm Thickness: 0. 45mm Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V). Sly. No Average = 5. 70 And now I will draw a graph representing current against voltage, and then I will take the line of best fit from which I will take the gradient and check whether the results I have obtained graphically matches the results in the table. Obtaining Evidence In this part of my task, I will show all my graphs and results that I have obtained after carrying out the experiments. I have done the same process as I have planned earlier. My experiment will be based on these:   Length (same thickness and different lengths)   Thickness (same length and different thickness). Resistors in series Resistors in parallel Different Lengths Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. No Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 75cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA). Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. No   Average = 6. 49 Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 50cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 25cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. Resistance = 1/440 = 0. 00227 x 1000 = 2. 27 Different Thickness Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm Thickness: 0. 90mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage)Voltage (V) Sly. No Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. No Average = 8. 40 Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm Thickness: 0. 56mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. Average = 4. 86 Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm Thickness: 0. 32mm mA Resistance (? )Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. NAverage = 8. 73 Resistance from graph Thickness: 93 Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm and 50cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly.   Average = 12. 79 Resistance from graph 100cm and 75cm Gradient = y/x = 25. 15/0. 40 =62. 87 Resistance = 1/62. 87 = 0. 01590 x 1000 = 15. 90 100cm and 50cm. Gradient = y/x = 23. 55/0. 30 = 78. 5 Resistance = 1/78. 5 = 0. 012738 x 100 = 12. 73 Parallel Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm and 75cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. Average = 3. 69 Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm and 50cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA. Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. No Resistance   Analyzing Evidence. Here in this part of my experiment I will prove that my hypothesis and my obtained results obey the ohms law. This is where the results from my graphs and the results I have already obtained earlier will be compared; talking about its proportionality. Variation in length: When the length of the wire boosts, the amount of atoms present in it also boosts. The variation of these atoms block the passage of electrons passing through the wire. A slower flow of electrons will therefore lead to less current passing through the wire hence the longer the wire, the longer the electrons have to travel, so they come across more collision. From this statements I predict that the resistance increases with the length of the increasing wire. Hypothesis: It is expected that the resistance should increase in proportion to the length. The resistance should be considerably higher for the 100cm length than it is for the 50cm length. Theoretically the resistance for the 100cm length should be 2 times that of the 50cm length. The reason for this was explained earlier. Resistance will increase with length. Resistance is proportional to length. In this table below I will show the results I have obtained from the graph and the table: ? R/L = constant Average R (graph)R (table) Length of wire (cm). From the above table I have concluded that resistance increases with length and as the length doubles, the resistance doubles about with it. The column R/L is roughly constant. This supports my hypothesis that resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its length. The even increase of resistance with length can be explained by the clashes that take place in a wire as current flows through it. When the current flows through a wire, the free electrons collide with the atoms of the wire. The longer the wire the more collisions occur. And this will result in an increase in the resistance. However, the shorter the wire, less the collision, hence less resistance. I will show the relationship between length of a wire and its resistance on a graph, from the values of the above table. And this will confirm my conclusion that length is directly proportional to its resistance. Results The resistance is clearly increasing as the length of the wire increases. And when the length of the wire doubles, its resistance also doubles. The results shown in graph is exactly what is anticipated to happen as stated in the hypothesis. From the table above we can see that as the length doubles, the resistance also approximately doubles. In the last column R/L if found to be constant somewhat, therefore making it obey the ohms law R ? L The predicted graph drawn between R and L looks like this: Variation of thickness This experiment is needed to confirm that the resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to its diameter. If the cross-section of a wire is enlarged this means that the area on which the electrons move will be enlarged. Thus suggesting that there will be no clouds of electrons and atoms. The current can travel easily with nothing increasing the resistance. Likewise if the wire is narrower the obstruction will be crossed by the electrons will be lesser and therefore the current will decrease. Hypothesis It is expected that the thinnest wire will have the highest resistance because a thicker wire offers less resistance to current than a thinner one of the same material. This is because current consists of electrons flowing through the metal of the wire. The electrons hop from atom to atom in the metal in reaction to the electric field in the circuit. A conductor with a larger cross-section allows more electrons to intermingle with the fields.

Switches and Routers Essay Example for Free

Switches and Routers Essay This is as far as I have gotten and I’m very confused about routers. Router and Switch Configuration Switches and routers are key components to operating any network. Switches can break up a large area network into smaller segments. This will free up congestion and provide more bandwidth to each port, which will increase network performance. The first step is to plug into a power source, connect the console port to a computer or modem with UTP cabling and an RJ-45 cable, and use the command line interface (CLI) to configure and manage the switch in user exec mode and privilege exec mode. In most cases, the switch will perform a power on self-test. The manual will indicate the particulars of any failure. One must configure a password because the switch arrives without one. This provides security through the console settings menu and the password configuration option while one may also incorporate an encrypted password option. Entering global configuration through the command line option will change passwords, also. To change the IP configuration, one would choose the [I] key and choose the IP address option and set the Subnet mask and Default gateway. Creating a VLAN requires switching to Global Configuration mode and using vlan vlan# name name_of_vlan command. To add more VLAN ports, go to the Interface Configuration Mode and use the vlan-membership static vlan# command (Regan, 2004). To review or configure spanning tree protocol, go to [N] Network Management option and enter [B] bridge-spanning tree option from the Network Management option (Regan, 2004). One can disable or enable each port from here. When installing a router one must ensure proper ventilation, temperature, and distance limitations of wiring.

A Compact Description And Critical Analysis Education Essay

A Compact Description And Critical Analysis Education Essay The first part of the assignment will accommodate description of management and the importance of leadership within management. According to Daly et al, (2009), stated a manager is an individual who is responsible for his/her workforce; a manager is someone who is in charge of all the decision making of a workforce; a manager is a person that everyone goes to with their problems, and a person that passes on information that is given by higher authority to the workforce. Rodd (2004), define management as a reasonable working pattern of support, inspiration and reasoning, including systems and administrations. Whereas, Mondy (1992) constitute that the role of management involves; working with human, financial, and physical resources in order to achieve organisational objectives. Mondy (1992) also stated that planning, organising, leading and controlling were the four general functions of managements; and that all of these four functions were equally important, as the coordination of these provision enables management to operate as a whole. In addition an effective management skills, it is also crucial for a manager to have effective leadership skills; Burns (2004) assert that management skills can be defined as ones ability to administer a group of individuals in a way that will approve them to work together timidly and in a harmonised way, as this will result in the attainment of setting goals and aspirations. Mullins (2005) build that effective leadership is one of the many fundamental influences in the development of quality service for children; both effective leadership and management should be amalgamate together in bringing affirmation service for young children. Quote states:- by Mullins (2003, P291); Leadership style is the way in which the functions of leadership are carried out, the way in which the manager typically behaves towards members of the group. A manager that used a democratic type of management style within their setting; they are established that they have open door policy within the setting which approve their staffs to communicate with the manager whenever they required; it can a articulate that the manager leads their staff into feeling a part of a team by including them in all of the decision making process of the setting through staff meetings. Respecting Each Other; ensuring staff act as good role models; Use of positive language; Establish good relationships between practitioners and parents; updated with Policies and procedures; Open door policy; Encourage turn taking and sharing; Supervision and staff appraisals. The manager can demonstrate by having an open door policy and involving the staff in all the decision making of the setting draws and influenced the staffs to work harder; this could be associated, quote suggests, Sadek (1996)s argument which stated that staff encouragement is a considerable task for managers as it is foremost for the action of the crew. The next part of the assignment will contribute enlightenment in relation to the role and responsibilities of the early years manager. A manager who is established will believe one of their main duties at the setting ensuring that the children are safeguarded and happy; this is a positive attitude for an early years manager to have as according to a research carried out, quote stated, by Lunn (1998), most of the nursery managers that were found to be successful leaders in the research were managers who were involved in the children before their speciality. Nevertheless, it is the responsibility of all individuals in the education system to make sure their surrounding is as safe as possible for their pupils (Directgov 2012). Furthermore, it is the manager position to ensure they have health and safety rules and regulations; and implement within the setting by all staffs by regularly involving and motivating all staffs in all matters concerning health and safety issues through training. Free choice to inform own learning;- Support and plan for childrens interests; Opportunity for children to explore and the Key person enables the child to feel safe and secure; Provide a safe and secure environment; Regular observations are carried out and children are provided with indoor and outdoor activities, Quote states:-, Watson (1998) that the financial needs of provisions should be taken vigorously and planned precisely as the maintenance provided to the children. A manager needs to handle the financial matters of the setting; budget is the key factors that can be threat to the quality of service being provided to the children. Therefore the manager must ensure that the nurserys budget is being managed correctly as miscalculations of the budget can have a negative impact on the function of the setting as it could result in the nursery not being able to meet some of its goals and objectives. Furthermore, According to Megginson (1992), employees doing what is required from them establishes the effectiveness of the managers management skills. This indicates that the manager must take fully responsibility to ensure that all of the staffs doing what were expected of them; a good way is by regularly monitoring the staffs. Preferably, have fitted cameras in every room of the setting and that the images from all of the cameras reflected back to the camera located in the managers office. This strategy can be positive effects on the function of the setting as the manager have faith for the staffs carried out their duties effectively and accordingly to the fact that they knew they were under continual surveillance. A excellent principle for a manager to adhere is to keep a constant revise of the policies and procedures of their settings; these will enables their employees to understand their roles and responsibilities; policies and procedures also grant management to inspire acts without constant management interferences. (Mondy1992). Besides Mullins (2005), suggests that a critical part of the process of management comprehends given a competent attention to the adequate use of resources, in human resources; human resources have an important role to play in the success of an organisation. In dispute by, Curtis and OHagen (2003) that it is essential for a manager to ensure that staffs are trained and are appropriately qualified to a standard that will enable them to provide the establishment with the best possible services. The manager must take a full responsibility to employ individuals that are appropriately qualified to work with children; He/she must be articulate that when employing staffs; they looked for two considerable aspects: the first is the person likes children and had some experience working with children; and secondly they have the appropriate qualifications. To addition, The Childrens Act 1989 states that it is legally the responsibility of professionals to work in partnership with parents (Tassoni 2000). The manager must also ensure and have a good on-going relationship between the parents of the children attending the setting and the staff. As a factor this can be devoted to the quality of service being provided to the children as according to the Livestrong article (2010), both teachers and parents have passion for the same thing which is the best learning experience and allows a good accessible learning for the children; effective communication between the professionals and parents can help to attain this as important information such as; childrens likes and dislikes can be shared through the communication; and this will be beneficial for the function of the setting as the information will help the staffs gain knowledge of how to handle each individual child. The role and responsibilities of a manager are not only affected by factors within the workforce; external factors such as societys attitude, beliefs and values and government policies cam also have an impact on the role and responsibilities of a manager. Quote states: according to Turner (2003); societys attitude, beliefs and valued has gradually changed throughout the period; issues concerning young children and families have been high on public agendas. The diminish role in society has provided women with better liberty; and this is resulted in more mothers going into education and back to work. This involves a positive impact because the role and responsibilities of an early years manager will have more pupils attending nurseries balancing great more responsibilities for early years managers due to increase of children under their care. The manager also has responsibility to ensure that equal opportunity practices are being carried out within the setting. This can be of various reasons, as an example a provision can be located in a multicultural area and the children attending the nursery are from a variety of backgrounds. The EYFSs Statutory Framework (2010) demonstrates that early years practitioners has fully responsibility to promote positive attitudes to diversity and difference and that practitioners also have a duty to focus on each individual childs learning, development and needs. The manager will be required to provide equal opportunity for all children regardless of their race, culture, religion, language or ability and that the centre also positively encouraged all the children to participate in all activities. A well established manager can also strive to help all children feel inclusive and that the provision must be able to promoting positive recognition, understanding, knowledge and celebration of di fferent culture celebrations. Equal opportunities; Cultural and ethnic diversity; Parents are involved as partners; Open door policy for parents to have they say; Support from other professionals (agency) when necessary; All children and their families are included and valued from different backgrounds. The Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage (2011), OFSTED (Office for Standards in Education) is an official government body ensures the responsibility is to inspect schools in England and to produce inspection reports which are meant to be used to improve standards of achievement and quality in education. The manager needs to be knowledge that all of OFSTEDs health and safety policies and procedures are implemented in the provision; otherwise as failure of the implementation of these policies and procedures could result in the closure of the provision. In addition the OFSTEDs safeguarding policies are maintained and carried out by the member of the staffs within the setting by constantly emphasising the importance of the rules and regulations of OFSTEDs safeguarding policies; this can be maintained through staff meetings; regularly endure watching the staff within the setting; raising any awareness of any health and safety issues that comes across with all staffs. Nonetheless, OFSTEDs policy in relation to safeguarding in early years education; there are some concerns regarding the extent in which childrens safety are met in early years settings; quote states:- Pugh (2003) argued that there are still concerns over the neglect of childrens health and welfare at the expense of their education. Although Pughs argument suggests that there are early years settings that might believe that childrens education is more important than childrens health and safety as overall. A good manager who has a good established for the setting can have a good impact through influence of their provision and their role as manager is from learning and developments requirements of the EYFS (Early Years Foundation Stage). Through daily safety checklists carried out for Health and safety policy; Regular fire drills are implemented; Safeguarding children policy should be updated on regular basis; Designated member of staff responsible for child protection issues or immediate manager; Safeguarding children training for staff must be provided; Behaviour policy; Adult : child ratio observed; Accident / incident forms Rules displayed and adhered in the setting. In accordance to the Department for Education (2012), it is stated that the EYFS is a central part of the governments 10 years child care strategy; the EYFS is in charge of placing the curriculum guidance for the foundation stage. The Statutory Framework for the EYFS sets standards for the learning, developments and care for children from birth to five; nursery managers, school governors and nursery directors; are all legally responsible for ensuring that the provisions of their settings meets the learning and developments requirements of the EYFS, that their provisions meets the regulations of the EYFS, and that notes of new and additional requirements in the Early Years Foundation Stage Statutory Framework are taken down and implemented within their settings. Moreover, according to the Statutory Framework for the EYFS (2011); it is interpreted there are seven areas of learning and developments that are required to shape educational programmed in early years setting, as follows: personal, social and emotional developments; physical developments; and communication and language; these three areas are described as maturity areas in the Framework as they are believed to be the areas that are particularly important for extinguish childrens curiosity and enthusiasm for learning and also for building childrens capacity to learn and thrive. The Framework also exhibit that early years education providers must also support children in the following four specific areas: literacy; mathematics; understanding the world; and expressive arts and design. The media concept on the BBC News (2000), the National Childcare Strategy was introduced in the UK in 1998; the aim of the Strategy was to create more childcare places and helping parents to go back to work by giving them more support. Beaver (2001) established that the aim of the National Childcare Strategy was to ensure good quality, accessible and affordable childcare for children in the UK. The introduction of the National Childcare Strategy has a negative bond impact on the finances of day private settings can have a negative effect on the role of an early years manager in the following case; suppose if there can made deductions to be made from the cost of the private settings as a result of less children attending day care centres; it would be the managers role and responsibility to figure out a way of cutting down the costs of the provision in a way that will not affect the quality of service being provided to the children. Quote taken : Adirondack (1998) cited in Curtis and OHagen (2003) stated no good can be good at every aspects of management; an early years setting manager has a variety of duties to carry out; therefore it would be impossible for a manager to be perfect at every activity their may conduct out. A good provision manager will express and show a good use of their own knowledge and management skills, which can be a good advantage enabling her to be the accomplished manager, however, other managers will experience difficulty at times. To conclude, it can be formed in many of the convincing and vital elements of management issues that has been identified in the essay indicating that there are many factors that needs to be considered when managing a provision. In an early years setting, the primary role of the manager is to be responsible for the organisation of the staff; and the resources that will be used to translate the settings vision to providing a high quality service to the children that will be attending the setting. Parent questionnaire are in place; Suggestion box; Settling in policies and procedures is should been implemented and staff are made fully aware; providing advice and support when necessary, an good example will be a Drop in session and finally meeting the cultural requirements. A well established good manager in early settings needs to be multitasking as this factor is very important. He/she also requires an excellent knowledge of different policy on their provision should be updated regularly. Staff should be trained at all times as required. A manager should be able to solve problem and is able to be a good decision maker and build a strong team. Finally, the managers need to be aware of most government policy; Every Child Matters; safeguarding; Child Protection rules and regulations. Quote suggests: Educating a child takes cooperation and involvement from educators, parents, families, and the community. Everyone has heard the saying It takes a village to raise a child. Research has shown the greater the family and community involvement in schools, the greater the students achievement (Niemiec, R., Sikorski, M., Walberg, 1999). Words: 2693

Ernest Hemingway and Fitzgerald on the Expatriate Experiance Essay exam

Hemingway and Fitzgerald on the Expatriate Experiance "You're an expatriate. You've lost touch with the soil. You get precious. Fake European standards have ruined you. You drink yourself to death. You become obsessed with sex. You spend all your time talking, not working. You are an expatriate, see?" (Sun Also Rises, 115)1 Paris in the 1920's was a place that seemed to embody dynamic artistic achievement. Many of the great artists of modernist movements were either there or had passed through at some point. It became the living embodiment of the old joke "So Hemingway, Fitzgerald and Modigliani walk into a bar..." For Americans traveling to Paris after the war with artistic intentions, it was a win-win situation: Freedom from stultifying artistic conventions and the burgeoning corporate culture, and life in a bohemian community with cheap francs, an old order debunked by the war, and an already established network of expatriate heavy hitters (Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound). Even among the American expatriate class, however, there was a division between groups. There were those who went to Paris to fully immerse themselves in the bohemian lifestyle (even if part of it was more show than reality) and interact and bicker with other self-proclaimed artists, while the other went to Paris due to its burgeoning reputation as a place to see and be seen among the literati (much like the latest trendy eatery in Los Angeles). Some were there for the art, others for the atmosphere. Hemingway, in his retrospective "A Movable Feast", would consider himself a staunch member of the former and Fitzgerald a hopeless member of the latter. While Paris had a crucial formative effect on Hemingway that it did not have on Fitzgerald, it would be... ...n R. French Connections: Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, St. Martin's Press, 1998 4. http://ntsrv2000.educ.ualberta.ca/nethowto/examples/bradley/mansfiel/paris.htm 5. http://www.lib.unc.edu/rbc/french_expatriates/paris.html [1] Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections: Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 1 [2] Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections: Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 6 [3] 5 [4] Hemingway, Ernest A Moveable Feast, pg 69 [5] Hemingway, Ernest A Moveable Feast, pg 35-36 [6] Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections: Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 233 [7] Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections: Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 167 [8] Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections: Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg Ernest Hemingway and Fitzgerald on the Expatriate Experiance Essay exam Hemingway and Fitzgerald on the Expatriate Experiance "You're an expatriate. You've lost touch with the soil. You get precious. Fake European standards have ruined you. You drink yourself to death. You become obsessed with sex. You spend all your time talking, not working. You are an expatriate, see?" (Sun Also Rises, 115)1 Paris in the 1920's was a place that seemed to embody dynamic artistic achievement. Many of the great artists of modernist movements were either there or had passed through at some point. It became the living embodiment of the old joke "So Hemingway, Fitzgerald and Modigliani walk into a bar..." For Americans traveling to Paris after the war with artistic intentions, it was a win-win situation: Freedom from stultifying artistic conventions and the burgeoning corporate culture, and life in a bohemian community with cheap francs, an old order debunked by the war, and an already established network of expatriate heavy hitters (Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound). Even among the American expatriate class, however, there was a division between groups. There were those who went to Paris to fully immerse themselves in the bohemian lifestyle (even if part of it was more show than reality) and interact and bicker with other self-proclaimed artists, while the other went to Paris due to its burgeoning reputation as a place to see and be seen among the literati (much like the latest trendy eatery in Los Angeles). Some were there for the art, others for the atmosphere. Hemingway, in his retrospective "A Movable Feast", would consider himself a staunch member of the former and Fitzgerald a hopeless member of the latter. While Paris had a crucial formative effect on Hemingway that it did not have on Fitzgerald, it would be... ...n R. French Connections: Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, St. Martin's Press, 1998 4. http://ntsrv2000.educ.ualberta.ca/nethowto/examples/bradley/mansfiel/paris.htm 5. http://www.lib.unc.edu/rbc/french_expatriates/paris.html [1] Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections: Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 1 [2] Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections: Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 6 [3] 5 [4] Hemingway, Ernest A Moveable Feast, pg 69 [5] Hemingway, Ernest A Moveable Feast, pg 35-36 [6] Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections: Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 233 [7] Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections: Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 167 [8] Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections: Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg

Laurel Ulrichs A Midwifes Tale Essay -- Laurel Ulrich Midwife Tale E

Laurel Ulrich's A Midwife's Tale   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before I watched 'A Midwife's Tale', a movie created from the diary found by Laurel Ulrich chronicling the life of a woman named Martha Ballard, I thought the women in these times were just housewives and nothing else. I pictured them doing the cleaning and the cooking for their husbands and not being very smart because of the lack of education or them being unable to work. My view on the subject changed however when I watched this specific woman's life and her work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To know that there was a woman such as Martha back in those days is very interesting to me because I especially did not think there were women who were as brave and independent as she was. The lives of women in general, not just in Martha?s case, were busy and at sometimes hard during these times. They had to do an array of things from keeping the house under control and raising sometimes several children to working on a farm and spinning. Sometimes, some women would even work to make a second living for the family, as in Martha?s case. And even though the women were able to work, they still did not hold as much power as men did, which is still evident today. And if the women were recognized as much as they should be I?m sure we wouldn?t need a completely different subject for Women?s History because they would cover it in the regular history classes, instead of the subject consisting of 99.9% males.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martha?s day was a pretty long one and consisted of many jobs to do, anything from cleaning the house to delivering a baby. The fact that she never lost a mother during any of the childbirths is astonishing in itself since it was the number one cause of death in women. Among those jobs she also spun, raised her children, worked on her farm, and treated illnesses, coming up with her own remedies. For example when Parthenia was sick and she had her drink the last milk from the cow in hopes of her getting better which unfortunately she wasn?t able to make her get better and Parthenia died. Martha?s own children however all lived into their adulthood which was also a very rare thing to add to her list of unique facts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Martha did have different jobs to do, her real job was being a midwife. She got paid high for a woman at this time and she was a well respected person in the town. This job was the most demanding and it?s not like... ...because I probably would have if my kid took over my house and I missed my husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Martha Ballard died, she was definitely missed and even though her diary sat in the back stacks of a library for a very long time because authors thought it was useless, her story was told and it was a good one at that. It wouldn?t be a surprise to me if her story has inspired women and I know it has definitely educated people about women?s lives at this time. It?s just a shame that more women?s stories from this time will never be told. I?ve learned from Martha Ballard?s story that she must have been a very good, decent, and smart woman and I would have loved to have met her. She is a good example of what some women were like back then and it?s good to see that not all of them were powerless housewives as some people think and how I, myself, thought before I saw this movie. I saw her struggle and her get through the hard times. The things she had to live through throughout her life were astonishing and I?m really glad I got to see this woman?s work. I realiz ed how easy we have it now and how women like Martha paved the way for us and we have to appreciate them for what they?ve done.

Marilyn Monroe Speech

My name is Amor Serrano and today I will speak to you about the life of Marilyn Monroe. She was one of America’s most famous idols. Mrs. Monroe was a huge Civil Rights Movement// Ella Fitzgerald was one of Marilyn’s idols and inspiration. The Mocambo nightclub in West Hollywood (famous at the time) would refuse to allow Ella to perform there because she was black. ////// Marilyn, extremely upset, told the owners that if they allowed Ella to perform, she would be front tow every time Ella was onstage. When she did this the two women became good friends.Ella said, â€Å"I owe Marilyn Monroe a real debt†¦it was because of her that I played the Mocambo, a very popular nightclub in the ’50s. She personally called the owner of the Mocambo, and told him she wanted me booked immediately, and if he would do it, she would take a front table every night. She told him – and it was true, due to Marilyn’s superstar status – that the press would go wi ld. The owner said yes, and Marilyn was there, front table, every night. The press went overboard. After that, I never had to play a small jazz club again. She was an unusual woman – a little ahead of her times.And she didn’t know it. † American model turned actress, she was famous for her seductive blonde persona on and off camera from the late 1940s to the early 1960s. Monroe appeared in a few popular movies, but remembered as an international sex symbol that died at age 36. Today// I will inform you of her childhood, her pathway to fame, and ultimately her death. Marilyn was an important idol. She is extremely inspiring and I find that women coming of age should look at her with aesthetics. First, I will discuss her childhood, then her pathway to fame Then ultimately her deathHer birth-name is Norma Jeane Mortenson. She was considered an illegitimate child because she did not know her father. Monroe spent two years at the orphanage and in and out of a successi on of foster homes. It is believed that during this time, Monroe was molested. Monroe and Dougherty were married on June 19, 1942. At age 16, the arrangement was made. I’ve now discussed Marilyn’s childhood, I will now discuss her road of fame. Marilyn started off as a model/// World War II was when her husband Dougherty joined the Merchant Marine in 1943 and was shipped out to Shanghai.Monroe had found a job at Radio Plane Munitions Factory. She was discovered by a photographer named David Conover. Her first appearance was on Yank magazine in 1945 The photos were sent to Potter Hueth, a commercial photographer. Hueth and Monroe soon struck a deal: Hueth would take pictures of Monroe but she would only be paid if magazines bought her photos. Monroe caught the attention of Miss Emmeline Snively she who ran the Blue Book Model Agency, the largest model agency in Los Angeles. Dougherty, still overseas, was not happy about his wife modeling. Marilyn Monroe Signs With a Mov ie StudioIn August of 1946///20th Century Fox offered Monroe a six-month contract with the studio having the option of renewing it every six months. When Dougherty returned, he was even less happy about his wife becoming a starlet. The couple divorced in 1946. Transforming From Norma Jeane to Marilyn Monroe 20th Century Fox helped her create a screen name. //First called, Marilyn Miller, a popular 1920s stage performer. Monroe chose her mother’s maiden name for her last name. †¢Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! (1948) †¢Ladies of the Chorus (1948) †¢Marilyn Monroe Poses Nude- Tom Kelly 6. Marilyn Monroe’s Big Break Love Happy (1949) – Asphalt Jungle (1950) – All About Eve (1950) – Don't Bother to Knock (1952) The Public Finds Out About Marilyn Monroe's Nude Pictures. Fans only found to love her more. – Niagara (1953), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), River of No Return (1954), and There’s No Bus iness Like Show Business (1954 Marries multiple men James Dougherty (m. 1942–1946) Joe DiMaggio (m. 1954–1954) Arthur Miller (m. 1956–1961) Rumors of Affairs Marilyn Monroe Dies of Overdose Monroe was depressed and continued to rely on sleeping pills and alcohol.Yet it was still a shock when 36-year-old Monroe was found dead in her Brentwood, California, home on August 5, 1962. Monroe’s death was marked â€Å"probable suicide† and the case closed. DiMaggio claimed her body and held a private funeral. Many people have questioned the exact cause of her death. Some speculate it was an accidental overdose of sleeping pills, others think it may have been purposeful suicide, and some wonder if it was murder. For many, her death remains a mystery. In conclusion, we should remember the remarkable woman Marilyn Monroe had been, and how inspiring she is to others. She is a figure of beauty.

Racism or Class Discrimination

Racism is an issue that has been prevalent within America for hundreds of years. We overcame slavery with the help of famous American leaders like Abraham Lincoln and fought for equal rights with the help of Martin Luther King Jr. Today we face the issue of a more discreet kind of racism- the kind of racism that is more felt than heard. A sales associate who may not ask a customer to leave because of the color of their skin, but follows the customer around the store to make sure he or she isn’t stealing is an example of discreet racism. This type of racism is harder to fight because it is harder to recognize than outward discrimination. It seems as though minorities, especially African-Americans, have a disadvantage from the time they are born. According to Leondar-Wright, â€Å"The median white family has more than $120,000 in net worth (assets minus debts), while the median black family has less than $20,000. † There are many reasons why black families’ net worth is so much lower than white families’, but among the most obvious reasons is discrimination. Children from low-income families tend to have more responsibilities than those from middle or high-income families. These responsibilities may take away from time spent on schoolwork. For example, if a fourteen year old must work to help pay household expenses because his or her parents are having trouble making ends meet, it is highly possible that time spent working could be taking away from time spent doing schoolwork. Even if a student does not have to work while in school, it is still possible that his or her parents (if the student is lucky enough to live with both their mother and father) work hours that would render him or her responsible for extended amounts of housework. Either way, it is likely that a low-income, minority student must work much harder than a middle or high-income student to achieve the same academic status. If and when African-American students are accepted into college, it is much harder for them to be granted a loan to help pay for their college education. Because loans are given based on current income to debt ratio, banks are more weary of lending money to low-income families for fear of not getting their money back. Even in college, many African-American students must work to support themselves, which takes up time. Time spent working, again is time that they could be using to study. Because of all the obstacles they face, African-American students must work much harder to accomplish the same achievements as white students. Once in the work place, whether it be after college or not, African-Americans still must work harder than Whites to attain the same level of success. Simply finding a job can prove to be a challenge for minorities. The old saying, ‘it’s not what you know, but who you know’ holds true for the job finding process. For many minority young adults, parents and relatives who may be able to assist in the job search have fewer connections than white families. Therefore, students from low-income families must work harder to find jobs than many students from white or middle-class families. Even the simple process of applying for a job proves to be yet another hurdle for minorities. In the essay ‘Institutional Discrimination’ by Robert Cherry, the term â€Å"statistical discrimination† is brought up. Statistical discrimination is referred to as â€Å"the process by which individuals are discriminated against when firms use group characteristics to screen individuals. † Because employers often have a large amount of applications to go through to fill one or just a small amount of positions, they often base their choices off ‘of group characteristics rather than individual information. ’ Because employers do not want to spend a lot of time screening potential candidates, they chose to discriminate against groups of people that, in their minds, are not as productive as others. According to a study by Irons and Moore, African-American workers tend to be left out of the â€Å"informal communications network. † This basically means they are left out of water cooler conversations that may provide valuable information to them pertaining to their work. The study also found that on average, it took much longer for African Americans to be promoted than their White co-workers, and that â€Å"They had to demonstrate over and over and over again that they were worthy of promotion. (Cose 78) Overall, the study found that success came later, harder, and at a lower degree for Blacks than Whites in America. Another point mentioned in Coses’ ‘Rage of a Privileged Class’ is something called the â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecy† (Cose 88), which basically states that performance is greatly based on expectations. For example, if someone believes they are expected to perform well at a particular task, they will most likely perform better than if he or she is expected to perform poorly. This concept can easily be applied to the classroom setting. If a teacher expects her white students to perform better than her minority students, this can have a great effect on her student’s performances. While racism is still an issue in the United States today, the main problem can be traced to the issue of class discrimination. The majority of minorities come from low-income families; â€Å"Poverty rates for Blacks (at 24. 3%) in 2006 were 16. 1% higher than Whites (at 8. 2%). † (H. T. Edney) Once born into a lower class family, your life will be filled with uphill battles and constant struggle. Lower class citizens are discriminated against everywhere in the United States. Banks hesitate to lend money to low-income students going to college, even though they must work harder to get into college than upper class students. Because they must work harder, low income students are more likely to appreciate the opportunity given to them and less likely to take advantage of any help he or she may receive along the way. If you are a lower-class African-American reading this essay, you may be wondering who today’s Martin Luther King Jr. ill be, or if there will be anyone from our generation who will pioneer for your rights. On the other hand, if you are a white, upper-middle class person reading this essay, you may not find racism to be an especially important issue in our society today. No matter your particular situation it is an inarguable fact that the socioeconomic class you are born into will become the chief factor in determining how far you will be able to go in life. Whether this is a good thing or not, may be up for some debate.

Marraige

Arranged marriage is happen a lot over seas in the western area, not so much in the United States. There is an article that is called â€Å"I’m Happy with an Arranged Marriage† by Gitangeli Sapra. In this article she discusses her view of arranged marriages. Ms. Gitangeli approves of arranged marriage, it is stated that people who get married for â€Å"love† has a 40% rate of divorce. She also states that arranged marriages have a lower rate of divorce for the fact that the couples do not want to start a wrath between their families. Is arranged marriage right or wrong?Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, I disagree with arranged marriage; I believe that families should not have the right to set up their children with who they think best suits their child. I believe marriage is about two people who love, support and respect each other. I personally would not prefer my parents to set me up with someone who they think is a good match for me, because I have di fferent standards then they do and I have a different idea of who the type of person I would like to spend my time with. Parents want to see their children with successful spouses and who they think are a good person.If parents were to choose who they want their child to marry then they will be too involved in the couple’s relationship, so if the relationship is not working out the couple would be too scared to get a divorce because of what their family might do. A lot of countries make arranged marriage mandatory, and some people really do agree with it it are apart of some cultures, but others do not. Fatma Uncon was a twenty year old female who was forced into an arranged marriage, which she did not want. Since she was forced she decided to commit suicide by shooting herself

Human Behavior Organization Essay

Human behavior is important in an organization as it defines how people work together and interact with one another. A co-operative team with an established leader will produce better results than a group of people that have no guidance and don’t know how to work with one another. Organizations spend time and effort in the human resources department ensuring human behavior in the workplace is appropriate and productive. †¢ Human behavior and the organization hierarchy Human behavior is of crucial importance in the establishment of a hierarchy. Hierarchies are necessary in every kind of organization, from schools to companies to charities. Some homes even have a hierarchy established. Hierarchies allow workers in an organization to pursue similar objectives by working together. Leaders are needed to guide organization members through day-to-day tasks. Human behavior dictates the strongest will be highest in a hierarchy, as it is for those people organization members have the greatest respect. For instance, in a company, it will be those with the most work experience and highest standard of qualifications who gain high hierarchy positions. †¢ Human behavior and co-operation Human behavior allows members of an organization to work together effectively. As people know the necessary way in which to interact with one another, they can communicate effectively and build good working relationships that allow organization objectives to be pursued with maximum effect. Sometimes it is necessary to influence and change human behavior in terms of cooperation. For instance, a few decades ago it was considered the norm for male colleagues to call female colleagues pet names such as ‘love’ and ‘hun’. Nowadays, this is thought to be unprofessional and even derogatory. Any organization member who treats their colleagues in a way that is deemed inappropriate can face disciplinary procedures if they do not alter their behavior.

A Brief History Of Emirates Marketing Essay

A Brief History Of Emirates Marketing Essay In 1974, three years after independence, the rulers of the UAE decided to establish a joint flag carrier: Gulf Air. However, a tense relationship between the airline and the Dubai government existed ever since its inception, as the latter re fused to give in to Gulf Air’s demands to abandon its open-skies policy. In reaction, Gulf Air reduced frequencies and capacities to and from Dubai by more than two thirds between 1984 and 1985 without advance notice (Wilson 2005). Since foreign carriers proved unable or unwilling to fill the gap, Dubai’s then ruler, Sheik Mohammed bin Rashid Al-Maktoum, convened a team of experts – headed by Maurice Flanagan and later joined by Tim Clark and the ruler’s then 26- year old son, Sheik Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum – to devise an emergency plan. The group’s recommendation to set up a home carrier for Dubai was quickly accepted by the ruler, but he imposed two conditions: The new airline should meet the highest quality standards and there would be no additional capital injections from the government other than the agreed USD 10 million start-up capital. On October 25th, 1985, Emirates’ first flight departed to Karachi, using an A300, wet-leased from Pakistan International Airlines. The rest is history: in 1987, Emirates began to serve it first two European destinations – London Gatwick and Frankfurt -, from 1995, it has operated an all wide body fleet, and in 2001, 2003 and 2005 Emirates placed some of the largest aircraft orders ever. As of October 2007, Emirates’ route network extends to 91 destinations on all continents. In its last business year, ending March 31st, 2007, the airline transported 17.5 million passengers and 1.2 million tons of cargo on 102 aircraft. Currently, 118 aircraft are on firm order (of which 20 will be all-freighters), including 55 A380 and 43 B777. 1.2 The Emirates Group Emirates Airlines (including its cargo subsidiary Emirates SkyCargo) is only one division of the Emirates Group, a state-owned globally active travel and tourism conglomerate, which provides a plethora of aviation related ancillary services. Finally, the Emirates Group owns 43.6 percent of Sri Lankan Air lines. 1.3 The Dubai Government’s aviation- Related Activities Viewed from an even higher level of aggregation, the Emirates Group, in turn, is only one element in a comprehensive bundle of aviation-related activities, all of which come under the responsibility of Sheik Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum: (1) The Dubai World Central Consortium (activity: to build Jebel Ali Airport City including Dubai’s new mega-airport) (2) Dubai’s Department of Civil Aviation (activities: all aviation-related regulatory functions, operator of DXB airport, of Dubai Duty Free and Dubai Cargo Village) (3) Dubai Aerospace Enterprise (activities: aircraft leasing, airport planning and management, consulting, maintenance and aviation-related education and tr aining). Marketing Strategy Mission â€Å"An effective mission statement defines the fundamental, unique purpose that sets a business apart from other firms of its type and identifies the scope of the business’s operations in product and market terms. It is an enduring statement of purpose that reveals an organization’s product or service, markets, customers, and philosophy.† (John A. Pearce II & Fred David, 2006). Emirates Airlines or rather Emirates Group mission statement is simply â€Å"Committed to the highest standards in everything we do.† Being a vast enterprise by itself – Emirates group – the group has been quiet successful in embodying the mission of â€Å"committing to the highest standard† onto its one of its two core corporation (Emirates Airlines) – the other being DNATA, by marketing the brand of Emirates as the pinnacle emblem or a luxury standard throughout the world as an emerging Global Brand.

Benefits of breast feeding and natural birthing techniques Research Paper

Benefits of breast feeding and natural birthing techniques - Research Paper Example On the other hand, nutrients in mother’s milk also help to prevent the spread of childhood infectious and noninfectious diseases. This means that the benefits of breastfeeding are limitless, and it is a momentous act a mother does to determine the present and future health of a child (Department of Health and Human Service Office on Womens Health , 2003). In the current world, breastfeeding has been considered not to be beneficial, and that infants can be fed formula milk and survive. I disagree with this and can say that formula milk will never have similar vitamins and nutrients that are in the human milk even if vitamin, minerals and supplements included in formula milk, additionally, breastfeeding is also beneficial to mothers. Firstly, breastfeeding prevents the high risks of infectious diseases on children. Research has shown that breast milk prevent children against infectious diseases like lower and upper respiratory infections than formula milk. These infections are caused by lack of immunity and antibacterial that are present in human milk, hence most children affected with these infections are those fed formula milk. Latest research has also indicated that breastfeeding helps in preventing urinary tract infections. Secondly, breastfeeding is also beneficial to children who are born as a result of pre- mature births leading to children being born before they fully develop. The term that is usually used by most medics is neurodevelopment. Studies have indicated that breastfeeding contributes to cognitive development of infants whereby children who are breastfed develop faster than those fed formula milk. However, it reduces the death rate during early childhood. Studies have indicated that most death is common in formula fed infants because there is no interaction that takes place between mother and child when breastfeeding hence, mothers’ intelligence during breastfeeding also contribute to few SIDS